Weeks 8 & 9 - Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
Signal that something is missing e.g. lack of emotion, lack of motivation, withdrawal from relationships
Schizophrenia negative symptoms
Presence of something not usually there e.g. hallucinations or delusions
Schizophrenia positive symptoms
Characterized by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom- attacks can include physiological and psychological symptoms
Panic disorder
Persistent irrational thoughts or ideas
Obsessions
Intentional behaviours or acts in response to obsessions
Compulsions
Where individuals have at least two separate personalities, formerly referred to as multiple personality disorder.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Loss or significant change in physical function (e.g. loss of sight) in the absence of a physical diagnosis
Conversion disorder
An irrational fear
Phobia
Fear of being in places or situations where it is difficult to escape
Agoraphobia
Stereotype acts performed in response to an obsession
Compultions
Persistent anxiety and/or excessive worry about life circumstances
Generalised anxiety disorder
The psychodynamic approach relies on a number of techniques to bring about therapeutic change. Which of the following is NOT associated with the psychodynamic approach to bringing about change?
a. Free association
b. Interpretation
c. Analysis of transference
d. Social skills training
d. Social skills training
The basis or foundation of the cognitive-behavioural approach to therapy is:
a. the metaphor ‘the mind is like a machine’.
b. the manner of processing between normal and abnormal individuals.
c. that symptoms are maladaptive learned behaviour patterns that can be changed.
d. that learning is primary in life.
c. that symptoms are maladaptive learned behaviour patterns that can be changed.
The psychodynamic process in which people take thoughts, feelings, fears, wishes, and conflicts from past relationships, particularly in childhood, and bring them to new relationships, especially with their therapists, is termed:
a. projection.
b. transference.
c. free association.
d. countertransference
b. transference
The idea that dysfunctional cognitions underlie psychological disorders is the aim of:
a. information processing therapy
b. cognitive therapy
c. belief systems therapy
d. humanistic therapy
b. cognitive therapy
Tarek goes to his therapist to get treatment for his severe depression. His therapist asks him to lie down on a couch in a slightly darkened room. The therapist then sits slightly behind him and encourages him to talk about anything that comes to mind. The therapist is most likely practising:
psychanalysis
Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to reduce Allport and Odbert’s list of 18,000 words. He argued that there are how many basic personality traits?
sixteen
A student of mine tells me that she suffers from ___________. To support her self-diagnosis, she tells me that last night she ate nine Chinese combination plates for dinner at one sitting. Immediately after eating, she vomited the meals. She also mentions that she likes the good feeling that follows the act of vomiting. She is suffering from what disorder?
bulimia
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of mania?
a. Inflated sense of self
b. Racing thoughts
c. Persistence
d. The constant need to talk
c. Persistence
Psychoses are most accurately described as:
a. chronic and severe disturbances that substantially inhibit the capacity to love and to work
b. gross disturbances involving a loss of touch with reality
c. enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, feeling, and behaviour that lead to chronic disturbances in interpersonal and occupational functioning
d. problems in living, such as constant self-doubt and repetitive interpersonal problems
b. gross disturbances involving a loss of touch with reality
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is:
a. common during the late summer, leading some to speculate that it may be associated with allergic responses to pollen
b. more frequent during the summer, when it is hot
c. more frequent during the winter months, because of the lack of sunlight
d. more frequent during the winter months, because of the cold
c. more frequent during the winter months, because of the lack of sunlight
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include:
a. loose associations
b. delusions
c. blunted emotional response
d. all of the options listed
c. blunted emotional response
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are so named because:
a. they allow the patient to continue to function within society
b. they are the clearer signs of possible recovery from schizophrenia than the negative symptoms, which tend to predict a much more unfavourable outcome
c. they are the most responsive to antipsychotic medication
d. they reflect the presence of something not usually or previously there
d. they reflect the presence of something not usually or previously there
Each of the following is a compulsion, except:
a. persistent counting.
b. constant hand-washing.
c. continual touching.
d. repetitive thoughts.
d. repetitive thoughts.
Substance-related disorders are characterised by:
a. persistent violations of social norms and the rights of others
b. inattention and impulsiveness
c. continued use of a substance that negatively affects psychological and social functioning
d. all of the options listed
c. continued use of a substance that negatively affects psychological and social functioning
What type of anxiety disorder affects 2 percent of the population, and is characterised by persistent anxiety at a moderate but disturbing level and excessive and unrealistic worry about life circumstances?
a. Generalised
b. Dysfunctional
c. Chronic
d. Disruptive
a. Generalised
Which disorder is characterised by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation?
a. Panic disorder
b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
c. Post-traumatic stress disorder
d. Anxiety disorder
a. Panic disorder
Depression is likely to be associated with which other disorder?
a. Borderline personality disorder
b. Schizophrenia
c. Anxiety disorders
d. All of the options listed
c. Anxiety disorders
A disorder characterised by major disturbances in emotion and mood.
Major depressive disorder
A chronic low-level depression of more than two years’ duration, with intervals of normal moods that never last more than a few weeks or months also known dysthymic disorder.
Persistent depressive disorder
A disorder marked by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of a psychologically distressing event outside the range of usual human experience.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Disorders characterised by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity or perception of the environment.
Dissociative disorders
Disorders characterised by complaints of pain, suffering or illness but no physical problems can be identified to explain the ailments.
Somatic symptom disorders
A disturbance in which a child persistently violates the rights of others as well as societal norms
Conduct disorder
Disorders that are characterised by maladaptive personality patterns that lead to chronic disturbances in interpersonal and occupational functioning.
Personality disorders
A personality disorder characterised by extremely unstable interpersonal relationships, dramatic mood swings, an unstable sense of identity, intense fears of abandonment, manipulativeness and impulsive behaviour.
Borderline personality disorder
A disorder marked by a pattern of irresponsible and socially disruptive behaviour in a variety of areas.
Antisocial personality disorder
Cognitive mechanisms by which a depressed person transforms neutral or positive information into a depressive direction
Cognitive distortions
A disorder characterised by age-inappropriate inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
The most severe dissociative disorder; also known as multiple personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder
The tendency of family interactions to be characterised by criticism, hostile interchanges and emotional overinvolvement or intrusiveness by family members
expressed emotion
A period of a abnormally euphoric, elevated or expansive mood
mania
A disorder characterised by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation
panic disorder
According to the diathesis-stress model, what does “diathesis” refer to?
A) The presence of environmental stressors.
B) The interaction between genetic and environmental factors.
C) Predisposing factors or vulnerabilities.
D) Protective factors that buffer against stress.
C) Predisposing factors or vulnerabilities.
Which of the following best represents an example of diathesis-stress interaction?
A) A person with a genetic vulnerability to depression experiences a major life loss.
B) A person with high levels of stress develops a mental illness due to excessive pressure.
C) An individual with a family history of anxiety disorder grows up in a supportive environment.
D) A person with a history of trauma develops a mental illness without any stressors.
A) A person with a genetic vulnerability to depression experiences a major life loss.
Which of the following is a limitation of the diathesis-stress model?
A) It overlooks the role of genetic factors in mental illness.
B) It fails to consider the impact of environmental stressors.
C) It assumes that stressors have the same impact on everyone.
D) It cannot explain the development of mental illness in childhood.
C) It assumes that stressors have the same impact on everyone.
According to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following is likely to have the highest risk of developing a mental illness?
A) An individual with a strong genetic vulnerability and a history of childhood trauma.
B) An individual with low levels of stress and no family history of mental illness.
C) An individual with average genetic susceptibility and chronic exposure to environmental stressors.
D) An individual with high levels of stress but no genetic predisposition to mental illness.
A) An individual with a strong genetic vulnerability and a history of childhood trauma.
Which of the following is NOT a mental illness that can be explained by the diathesis-stress model?
A) Major depressive disorder
B) Generalized anxiety disorder
C) Schizophrenia
D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
D) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Which of the following is NOT a change from the previous version (DSM-IV) to the DSM-5?
A) Removal of the multiaxial system.
B) Introduction of dimensional assessments.
C) Elimination of the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder.
D) Incorporation of cultural considerations.
C) Elimination of the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder.
What are the main symptoms of mania in bipolar disorder?
A) Feelings of sadness and hopelessness
B) Decreased need for sleep and rapid speech
C) Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
D) Fatigue and lack of energy
B) Decreased need for sleep and rapid speech
Which type of bipolar disorder is characterized by manic episodes but may or may not have major depressive episodes?
A) Bipolar I
B) Bipolar II
C) Cyclothymia
D) None of the above
A) Bipolar I
What is the main difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders?
A) Bipolar I has both manic and major depressive episodes, while bipolar II has only hypomanic and major depressive episodes.
B) Bipolar II has both manic and major depressive episodes, while bipolar I has only hypomanic and major depressive episodes.
C) Bipolar I is more severe than bipolar II.
D) There is no significant difference between bipolar I and bipolar II.
A) Bipolar I has both manic and major depressive episodes, while bipolar II has only hypomanic and major depressive episodes.
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of depressive disorder?
A) Major depressive disorder
B) Persistent depressive disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Seasonal affective disorder
C) Bipolar disorder
How long does persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) typically last?
A) Less than 2 weeks
B) 2-4 months
C) More than 2 years
D) Indeterminate duration
C) More than 2 years
According to the diathesis-stress model, how does schizophrenia develop?
A) Due to a single genetic risk factor
B) Exclusively as a result of environmental factors
C) In individuals with an underlying biological vulnerability compounded by stress
D) Only due to neural atrophy in specific brain regions
C) In individuals with an underlying biological vulnerability compounded by stress
Which of the following statements is true regarding the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
A) It suggests that individuals with schizophrenia have too little dopamine in the brain.
B) It proposes that a single neurotransmitter, dopamine, is solely responsible for schizophrenia.
C) The hypothesis is controversial, and the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia is complex.
D) It asserts that individuals with schizophrenia have normal dopamine levels in the brain.
C) The hypothesis is controversial, and the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia is complex.
Which personality disorder is characterized by unstable personal relationships, mood swings, manipulative behavior, and self-harm?
Borderline Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is associated with irresponsible and socially disruptive behavior, often disregarding the rights of others?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder involves a sense of grandiosity, a strong need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others?
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder involves a detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression?
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentric behavior?
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder involves excessive emotionality and a constant need for attention?
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by social inhibition and avoidance, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation?
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder involves submissive and clinging behavior, along with an excessive need to be taken care of?
Dependent Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is associated with a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and a need for control?
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Which type of medication is commonly abused and can lead to dependence and addiction?
Painkillers
Which type of medication is often misused for its sedative effects and can contribute to substance use disorders?
Sleeping pills
Which eating disorder involves self-imposed starvation, excessive exercise, or intentional restriction of food intake, resulting in a body weight below the healthy range?
Anorexia nervosa
True or False: Some individuals with anorexia nervosa may engage in episodes of overeating followed by attempts to undo or compensate for the consumed food.
True
Which eating disorder is characterized by a pattern of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors?
Bulimia nervosa
Which eating disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without the presence of compensatory behaviors?
Binge-eating disorder
What is illness anxiety disorder previously known as?
Hypochondriasis or hypochondria
Fear of being in places or situations that may be difficult to escape from, such as shopping centers or elevators. It may present as a panic attack.
Agoraphobia
Excessive worry accompanied by physiological symptoms of anxiety. The worry is uncontrollable and can be about various aspects of life.
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
What is the main belief of psychodynamic therapies?
a) Symptoms result from unconscious conflicts
b) Symptoms result from external factors
c) Symptoms result from cognitive distortions
d) Symptoms result from conditioning principles
a) Symptoms result from unconscious conflicts
What is the goal of psychodynamic therapy?
a) Changing irrational beliefs
b) Modifying behavior through conditioning
c) Gaining insights into unconscious conflicts
d) Improving interpersonal relationships
c) Gaining insights into unconscious conflicts
Which technique in psychodynamic therapy encourages patients to freely express their thoughts?
a) Interpretation
b) Transference
c) Free association
d) Flooding
c) Free association
What does interpersonal psychotherapy focus on?
a) Modifying behavior through conditioning
b) Gaining insights into unconscious conflicts
c) Resolving interpersonal problems and improving relationships
d) Teaching specific skills to manage anxiety
c) Resolving interpersonal problems and improving relationships
How long is a typical duration of CBT sessions?
a) 6-10 sessions
b) 10-15 sessions
c) 15-20 sessions
d) Over 20 sessions
a) 6-10 sessions
What is the primary focus of humanistic therapies?
a) Modifying behavior through conditioning
b) Challenging cognitive distortions
c) Gaining insights into unconscious conflicts
d) Individuals’ conscious experiences and relationships
d) Individuals’ conscious experiences and relationships
Which technique in gestalt therapy emphasizes awareness of feelings?
a) Exposure therapy
b) Graded exposure
c) Mindfulness practices
d) Empty-chair technique
d) Empty-chair technique
Children who are ignored by their peers
Neglected Children
A _______ is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning
mental disorder
Treatment:
Attempts to change personality patterns through insight (using free association and interpretation) and the therapist–patient relationship (analysis of transference)
Psychodynamic
Treatment:
Intensive therapy, three to five times per week, in which the patient lies on a couch and talks about whatever comes to mind, using free association
Psychoanalysis
Treatment:
Moderately intensive therapy, one to three times per week, in which the patient discusses issues that come to mind while sitting face-to-face with the therapist
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Treatment:
Attempts to change problematic behaviours and cognitive processes
Cognitive–behavioural
Treatment:
Classical conditioning technique in which the therapist induces relaxation and encourages the patient to approach a phobic stimulus gradually in imagination
Systematic desensitisation
( also call Graded exposure)
Treatment
Classical conditioning technique in which the therapist exposes the patient to the feared object in real life, either all at once (flooding) or gradually (graded exposure)
Exposure techniques
Treatment:
Therapeutic approach in which the therapist induces change by altering patterns of reinforcement and punishment
Operant techniques
Treatment:
Cognitive–social technique in which the therapist models behaviour and encourages the patient to participate in it
Participatory modelling
Treatment:
Cognitive–social technique in which the therapist teaches behaviours necessary to accomplish goals, as in social skills or assertiveness training
Skills training
Treatment:
Therapeutic approach aimed at altering problematic thought patterns that underlie dysfunctional feelings and behaviour
Cognitive therapy
Treatment:
Attempts to restore a sense of genuineness and attunement with inner feelings
Humanistic
Treatment:
Focuses on the ‘here and now’ and brings out disavowed feelings
Gestalt
Treatment:
Uses empathy and unconditional positive regard to help patients experience themselves as they really are
Client-centred
Treatment:
Attempts to change problematic family, couple or relationship patterns, such as communication patterns, boundaries and alliances
Family and couples
Treatment:
Attempts to use the group process and group interaction to help people change problematic patterns, either with the help of a therapist or through self-help
Group
Treatment:
Attempts to change problematic brain physiology responsible for psychological symptoms
Biological
people aged over ___ are the highest consumers of antidepressant drugs
85
____________medication is essential in the treatment of schizophrenia, although full recovery is unusual
Antipsychotic
Lithium and other mood-stabilising drugs are similarly indispensable for _________
bipolar disorder
A major problem associated with biological treatments is the ____ ____ ____ when pharmacotherapy is terminated
high relapse rate
_______ ________treatments for anxiety can be highly efficacious for anxiety disorders, particularly simple phobia, social phobia, panic, obsessive–compulsive disorder and PTSD
cognitive–behavioural
The psychodynamic approach relies on a number of techniques to bring about therapeutic change. Which of the following is NOT associated with the psychodynamic approach to bringing about change?
Select one:
a. Free association
b. Interpretation
c. Analysis of transference
d. Social skills training
d. Social skills training
The basis or foundation of the cognitive-behavioural approach to therapy is:
Select one:
a. the metaphor ‘the mind is like a machine’.
b. the manner of processing between normal and abnormal individuals.
c. that symptoms are maladaptive learned behaviour patterns that can be changed.
d. that learning is primary in life.
c. that symptoms are maladaptive learned behaviour patterns that can be changed.
The psychodynamic process in which people take thoughts, feelings, fears, wishes, and conflicts from past relationships, particularly in childhood, and bring them to new relationships, especially with their therapists, is termed
Select one:
a. projection.
b. transference.
c. free association.
d. countertransference.
b. transference.
The idea that dysfunctional cognitions underlie psychological disorders is the aim of:
Select one:
a. information processing therapy
b. cognitive therapy
c. belief systems therapy
d. humanistic therapy
b. cognitive therapy
The assessment technique used by family therapists that maps a family over three or four generations, is termed a(n):
Select one:
a. family tree.
b. genogram.
c. intergenerational plan.
d. familial hierarchy.
b. genogram
what is Benzodiazepines for?
A form of anxiolitics medication which can be used to treat anxiety
What is The DSM 5 stands for?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition ( 2013)
A grouping of signs and symptoms, based on their frequent co-occurrence, that may suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection.
Syndrome
Death of a loved on is not a mental disorder.
True
_____ _____ are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or othe important activities.
Mental disorder
Various theoretical perspectives:
- Psychodynamic / psychoanalytic
- cognitive, behavioural, and congnitive-behavioural
- Biological
- Systems
- Evolutionary
- Integrative perspectives/ Models
Different kinds of abnormal psychology treatment:
- Psychodynamic therapies
- Cognitive-behavioural therapies
- Humanistic therapies
- group
- Family and couples
- Bological treatments
Diathesis - stress model:
Schizophrenia develops in people with underlying _____ ______(diathesis) that is compounded by ____.
- biological vulnerability
- stress
What is expressed emotion?
a nice way to say a very dysfunctional family environment.
environmental variable onset and course of schizophrenia:
- expressed emotion
- physical and/or sexual abuse as a child
- Utero psychological stress or infection (e.g., influenza)
which stage of pregnancy has the highest rate of schizophrenia baby if exposed to stress and/or infection?
A. 1st trimester
B. 2nd trimester
C. 3rd trimester
D. New born 1 month
B. 2nd trimester
Depressive disorders and bipolar disorders both are characterised by disturbances in ____, ___, and _____.
emotion,
mood,
behaviour
An episode ( at least 2 weeks) of intense sadness or anhedonia, loss of (or excessive) sleeping.
A. OCD
B. Bipolar disorder
C. Major Depressive Disorder
D. Schizophrenia
C. Major Depressive Disorder
women are approximately ___ as likely to be diagnosed with depressive disorder than men.
twice
A longer term (2 years) but less extreme type of depression, but the chronicity may make it equally severe.
A. Dysthymia
B. Bipolar disorder
C. Major Depressive Disorder
D. Schizophrenia
A. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Depressive disorders are more likely to be associated with _____ disorder than any other class of disorder.
Anxiety
Depressive disorders dysfunctional patterns of thinking has negative triad:
Negative outlook of
____,
____,
____.
world,
Self,
future.
____ ____ is negative transformation of positive information.
cognitive distortion
______has two years of ups and downs that don’t become full manic, hypomanic, or depressive episodes.
Cycothymia ( 3rd type of bipolar disorder)
which disorders has a highest genetic component?
A. OCD
B. Bipolar disorder
C. Major Depressive Disorder
D. Schizophrenia
B. Bipolar disorder
which disorders looks like Social Anxiety Disorder?
A. OCD
B. Bipolar disorder
C. Major Depressive Disorder
D. Panic Disorder
D. Panic Disorder
recurrent obsessions and /or compulsions that cause severe distress and interfere with daily life.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Characterised by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of a traumatic event, but also avoidance, arousal, and mood-related symptoms
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Develops in approximate ____of people who experience a traumatic event.
10%
Not everyone experienced trauma will develop PTSD, lack of ___ ___ seems to be the greatest risk factors.
Social support
___ disorder is a mild disorder, like problems at school, divorce, shouldn’t last more than 2 months.
Adjustment Disorders
OCD and PTSD were formally included in the _____ _____chapter of the DSM, however OCD is now in Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders category, and PTSD is now in Trauma and stressor related disorders category.
Anxiety Disorders
_____ _____ is characterised by a loss or significant change in a physical function without any physical problem to explain the condition
Conversion disorder
____ ____ ____occurs when people are preoccupied with acquiring or suffering from an illness or ailment, even when there is little or no medical evidence to support that belief.
Illness anxiety disorder (or hypochondriasis)
Most persons with Dissociative Identity Disorder also have ____
PTSD
A central feature of Dissociative Disorders is dissociation (disturbance in _____ and _____)
memory
consciousness
Women are __times more likely to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder than men
Three
Australian research shows that more than ____ as many males than females are diagnosed with ADHD
Twice
_____ disorder is the most common substance use related disorder.
Alcohol use
_____ (number) people in Australia are “alchoholics”
750,000
Children of alcoholics are ___ times likely to develop alcoholism than children of non-alcoholics
4
In alcoholism:
The environment and ___ conspire to create a general risk of substance abuse
genes
prevalence of personality disorder is estimated at ___ % in the general population
10%
Ture or False?
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is different to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
True
