Weeks 5-7 - Social Psychology Flashcards
Characteristics that are attributed to people based on their membership of specific groups
Stereotypes
Involves judging people based on stereotypes which can be either positive or negative
Prejudice
Psychological test used to understand personal biases
Implicit associations test
Elicited by anger, a person lashes out, impulsive aggression
Hostile aggression
Children watched a video of a women acting violent towards a Bobo doll, and then children mimicked this behaviour. Shows how aggression can be modelled.
Bandura’s experiment
Emotional, intense feeling, physiological arousal.
Passionate love
An element of attraction where people gain rewards from a relationship (e.g. tangible rewards such as money, or intangible such as self-esteem)
Interpersonal rewards
An element of attraction where being near someone regularly increases likeness (unless initially having a strong aversion to the person).
Proximity
Three parts of the self
Public self (Interpersonal self)
Self-concept (Self-knowledge)
Executive Functioning (Agent self)
The strategy where people attempt to control what impressions others form of them
Self-presentation
A process where people set themselves up to fail when success is uncertain in an attempt to maintain their self-esteem
Self-handicapping
Refers to the way most people respond. If all students in Psychology 1B don’t enjoy one of the activities this could be attributed to the situation (the activity)
Consensus
People typically see themselves in a more positive way than others see them
Self-serving bias
An association between an act or object and an evaluation
Attitude
An aspect of persuasion that refers to the person giving the message. People tend to be more persuasive when they are credible, attractive, likeable and powerful.
Source
A route of persuasion that involves the person receiving the message to think carefully and weigh up the arguments in the message
Central route
__________ refers to behaviours people perform that have no apparent gain to themselves.
Altruism
Theory that natural selection favors animals that behave in an altruistic way if the likely benefit to each individual exceeds the likely cost over time
Reciprocal altruism
Also known as the electric shock experiment, where participants thought they were giving an electric shock to people when they got an answer wrong. This experiment relates to Obedience.
The Milgram Experiment
A study that highlighted conformity, as participants would say the wrong answer if all other members of the group said the wrong answer
Asch Study
Also known as the Stanford Prison Experiment. A mock prison was developed to investigate conformity, obedience, and roles.
Zimbardo Experiment
_________________ is when people feel less responsible to act because others have an equal responsibility to act.
Diffusion of Responsibility
A technique of social influence where you start with a bigger request expecting it to be denied and then move to a smaller request. For example, a teenager wants to stay out until midnight, they ask their dad if they can stay out until 2pm and he says no. Then ask if they can stay until midnight and he says yes.
Door-in-the-face technique
A technique of social influence where something is broken up into smaller elements to make it look more favorable. For example, Afterpay where you can purchase a pair of shoes for just $10 per week for 10 weeks, which sounds better than $100
Legitimization-of-paltry-favors technique
Behaving in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself is called:
a. egocentricity.
b. self-sacrifice.
c. nepotism.
d. altruism.
d. altruism
You and a friend are watching a game of cricket. The batter misses. You believe this is because the sun is setting and probably cast a glare in his eyes. Your friend believes this is because the batter lacks talent. You made a(n) __________ attribution and your friend made a(n) ____________ attribution.
external; internal
Jack believes all women are illogical and should not be allowed in the workplace. His beliefs about women are examples of:
prejudice
Whereas ______________ aggression is often elicited by anger, ______________ is considered to be calm and pragmatic.
hostile; instrumental
After hearing a story of how a man was forced to steal food because his children were starving, Terri says that he was stupid, irresponsible, and probably dishonest anyway. Terri’s comments reflect:
a fundamental attribution error
Inducing the recipient of a message to think carefully and weigh the arguments is which route of persuasion?
Central route
Aggresion refers to:
a. verbal or physical behaviour aimed at harming another being
b. forceful behaviour designed to convey one’s meaning clearly
c. a leadership style in which the leader makes all the decisions
d. behaviour that tends to hate those who are different or downtrodden
a. verbal or physical behaviour aimed at harming another being
Which of the following is NOT a component of an attitude?
a. Cognitive belief
b. Emotional
c. Association
d. Behavioural disposition
c. Association
The deliberate efforts to change an attitude are referred to as:
a. coercion
b. attitude adjustment
c. persuasion
d. influence
c. persuasion
Behaving in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself is called:
a. nepotism.
b. self-sacrifice.
c. egocentricity.
d. altruism.
d. altruism
When trying to understand the behaviour of others, people sometimes make _____________ attributions, based on the situation, whereas other times they make _____________ attributions, based on the person.
external; internal
A tendency to evaluate a person, concept, or group, positively or negatively, is called a/an:
a. behavioural disposition.
b. attitude.
c. cognitive complexity.
d. evaluative disposition.
b. attitude
The tendency to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal states rather than external situations.
fundamental attribution error.
Researchers have identified two routes through which people can be persuaded, one of which involves inducing the recipient of a message to think carefully and weigh the arguments. This is the:
a. peripheral route.
b. central route.
c. affective route.
d. cognitive route.
b. central route
The 1960s experiment by Stanley Milgram, which involved “shocking” a learner when the learner got something incorrect, revealed that:
a. empathic distress is a more powerful factor than previously believed.
b. some people are naturally sadistic and look for opportunities to express it.
c. obedience to authority is more powerful than one’s conscience.
d. empathic distress can override obedience.
c. obedience to authority is more powerful than one’s conscience.
When a person’s behaviours and attitudes are not consistent, this is referred to as what?
cognitive dissonance
People’s view of how they actually are
Actual self
In attribution theory, the extent to which a person always responds in the same way to the same stimulus
Consistency
A general category of emotions related to feeling bad
negative self
An organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself
Self-concept
the psychological tendency of individuals to maintain internal coherence and consistency in their thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors over time
self-consistency
The degree to which a person likes, respects or esteems the self
Self-esteem
A process by which people set themselves up to fail when success is uncertain to preserve their self-esteem
Self-handicapping
The ability to adapt behavior according to social situations and cues.
Self-monitoring
The process by which people attempt to control the impressions that others form of them
Self-presentation
A schema about the self that guides the way we think about and remember information relevant to ourselves
Self-schema
The process by which people make sense of others, themselves, social interactions and relationships.
Social cognition
If there is a good explanation for an effect, people will disregard other possible factors as irrelevant. This is known as…
Discounting
When a behavior or action by an individual is judged by another to be common or unusual
Distinctiveness
If there is a good explanation for a failure, then to explain success, people require an especially strong explanatory factor to compensate for said failure. For example, when an under qualified candidate gets offered the job. This is known as…
Augmentation
The way individuals interpret and explain the causes of events, behaviors, and outcomes.
Attribution style
The process of inferring the causes of events or behaviours
Attribution
A psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.
Mere-exposure effect
When attitudes can become more extreme through reflecting upon them. This can lead to confirmation bias
Polarisation
Unconscious and automatic evaluations
Implicit attitudes
Conscious attitudes
Explicit attitudes
A test that measures attitudes that people are unwilling to express openly
Implicit Attitudes Test
The extent to which an attitude is internally consistent
Attitudinal coherence
____________ attitudes are more predictive of behaviour than __________ attitudes.
stronger, weaker
Building up the receivers’ ‘resistance’ to a persuasive message by presenting weak arguments for it, such as a salesperson talking about a competitor
attitude inoculation
The idea that there are no true acts of altruism because altruistic acts are all performed to make the altruist feel good is known as ___________.
ethical hedonism
The evolutionary idea that natural selection favours animals that behave altruistically if the likely benefit to each individual over time exceeds the likely cost.
reciprocal altruism
Conformity is [higher/lower] in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic cultures
higher
The effects of the presence of others on the way people think, feel and behave
Social influence
Compliance with authority
Obedience
Changing attitudes or behaviour to accommodate the standards of peers or groups
Conformity
When Kitty Genovese was brutally murdered and no one who witnessed this crime intervened, this is an example of the _____________.
bystander effect
A diminished sense of personal responsibility to act when other people are present
Diffusion of responsibility
When a group makes a decision to primarily uphold the harmony of the group is an example of ___________.
groupthink
The tendency for a group to adopt more extreme views or positions than the initial average opinion of its members.
Group polarisation
The hypothesis that when people are frustrated in achieving a goal, they may become aggressive.
frustration-aggression model
Aggression that is elicited by anger.
Hostile aggression
deep affection, friendship and emotional intimacy that grows over time through shared experiences
Companionate love
What are some of the drivers of love?
a) Biological factors, social norms, and cultural values
b) Literature, religion, and social expectations
c) Oxytocin, dopamine, and attachment theory
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which hormone is associated with bonding and attachment in love?
a) Dopamine
b) Testosterone
c) Oxytocin
d) Serotonin
c) Oxytocin
What is passionate love characterized by?
a) Emotional intimacy and deep affection
b) Desire, infatuation, and heightened physiological arousal
c) Commitment and long-term dedication
d) Friendship and companionship
b) Desire, infatuation, and heightened physiological arousal
According to Sternberg’s Triangle of Love, what are the three fundamental components of love?
a) Trust, communication, and sacrifice
b) Passion, commitment, and attraction
c) Intimacy, passion, and commitment
d) Respect, friendship, and loyalty
c) Intimacy, passion, and commitment
What type of love includes a friendship-like connection?
a) Companionate love
b) Passionate love
c) Platonic love
d) Romantic love
a) Companionate love
Which perspective suggests that aggression is an innate part of human nature?
a) Instinctual perspective
b) Evolutionary perspective
c) Biological perspective
d) Cognitive-social perspective
a) Instinctual perspective
Which hormone has been linked to increased aggression in some studies?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone
d) Oxytocin
c) Testosterone
According to Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, how do individuals acquire aggressive behaviors?
a) Through genetic predisposition
b) Through environmental factors
c) Through internal instincts
d) Through cognitive development
b) Through environmental factors
The General Aggression Model proposes that aggression is influenced by a combination of:
a) Genetic factors and brain functioning
b) Cultural and societal norms
c) Individual personality traits
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
What is the “Thanatos” or “death instinct” in Freud’s concept of aggression?
a) An innate drive for self-destruction
b) A desire for power and dominance
c) A result of cognitive distortions
d) A reaction to immediate situational circumstances
a) An innate drive for self-destruction
Which perspective emphasizes brain functioning and biological factors in influencing aggression?
a) Instinctual perspective
b) Evolutionary perspective
c) Biological perspective
d) Cognitive-social perspective
c) Biological perspective
According to the cognitive-social perspective, how is aggression learned?
a) Through genetic inheritance
b) Through personal experiences
c) Through instinctual drives
d) Through hormonal imbalances
b) Through personal experiences
What are stereotypes?
a) Conscious attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
b) Unconscious attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
c) Deliberate attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
d) Automatic and unintentional attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
a) Conscious attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
What is a counter-stereotype?
a) A stereotype that is completely false.
b) A character or concept that challenges commonly held beliefs about a particular group.
c) A stereotype that is partially true.
d) A stereotype that is based on unconscious attributions.
b) A character or concept that challenges commonly held beliefs about a particular group.
What does prejudice create in terms of group dynamics?
a) A sense of belonging and unity.
b) Equal treatment for all individuals.
c) In-group versus out-group dynamics.
d) Positive attitudes towards diversity.
c) In-group versus out-group dynamics.
According to Karl Marx, why does prejudice exist?
a) To promote inclusivity and equality.
b) To challenge the dominant social classes.
c) To promote social justice.
d) To preserve the interests of dominant social classes.
d) To preserve the interests of dominant social classes.
How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination relate to each other?
a) Stereotypes lead to prejudice, which leads to discrimination.
b) Discrimination leads to prejudice, which leads to stereotypes.
c) Prejudice leads to stereotypes, which leads to discrimination.
d) Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are independent of each other.
a) Stereotypes lead to prejudice, which leads to discrimination.
What are attitudes?
a) Evaluations of objects, issues, or people that can be positive or negative.
b) Actions that reflect personal beliefs and values.
c) Behaviors influenced by social norms.
d) Overt expressions of conformity.
a) Evaluations of objects, issues, or people that can be positive or negative.
Which social influence technique starts with a small request and escalates?
a) Foot-in-the-door technique
b) Door-in-the-face technique
c) Bait-and-switch technique
d) Labelling technique
a) Foot-in-the-door technique
What was the Milgram Shock Experiment?
a) An experiment on the bystander effect.
b) An experiment on cognitive dissonance.
c) An experiment on obedience to authority.
d) An experiment on conformity.
c) An experiment on obedience to authority.
What does the interpersonal self refer to?
a) How we interact with the world around us.
b) How we present ourselves to others.
c) Our self-awareness and self-deception.
d) The different roles we have in various situations.
d) The different roles we have in various situations.
What does the agent self involve?
a) How we interact with other people.
b) Our decision-making and taking charge of situations.
c) Our self-presentation to the world.
d) Our evaluation of ourselves and our self-esteem.
b) Our decision-making and taking charge of situations.
What is impression formation?
a) The process of forming initial opinions and judgments about others based on limited information.
b) The process of revising and updating one’s impressions of others based on new information.
c) The process of studying first impressions in laboratory settings.
d) The process of creating stereotypes and generalizations about others.
a) The process of forming initial opinions and judgments about others based on limited information.
Which of the following factors can influence impression formation?
a) Physical appearance.
b) Verbal communication.
c) Nonverbal behavior.
d) All of the above.
d) All of the above.
What is the primary purpose of impression updating?
a) To maintain consistency in one’s beliefs and judgments.
b) To adapt one’s impressions to align with new information.
c) To reinforce stereotypes and biases.
d) To form lasting and unchangeable impressions of others.
b) To adapt one’s impressions to align with new information.
According to the cognitive consistency theory, what is the likely response when new information contradicts an existing impression?
a) Rejection of the new information.
b) Reevaluation of the existing impression.
c) Ignoring the new information.
d) Confirmation bias.
b) Reevaluation of the existing impression.
Which of the following is an example of impression updating?
a) Assuming someone is trustworthy based on their appearance.
b) Changing your opinion of a coworker after observing their consistent punctuality.
c) Stereotyping individuals based on their nationality.
d) Forming an initial impression of someone based on their clothing choices.
b) Changing your opinion of a coworker after observing their consistent punctuality.
Instances in which our desires to influence the impressions other people form of us fail (like tripping over)
Self-presentation predicaments
The motive to interpret information to fit the way one already sees oneself and to prefer people who verify rather than challenge the view.
self-consistency
two reasons for conforming
- Normative social influence: to fit in
- Informative social influence: feel pressure to accept others
Three Factors that strengthen conformity
- Number of people in group
- Everyone in the group agrees
- The group’s perceived status
There are a range of factors that can strengthen conformity which include:
If a person feels insecure or incompetent
If the group has three or more members (the larger the group the more likely conformity will occur)
If everyone in the group agrees
If a person admires the members of the group or the group status
If the person has not already committed to a different group or response
If the person knows that they are being observed by the group
If the person’s culture encourages respect for social standards and conforming to group norms
The process of inferring the causes of one’s own and others’ mental states and behaviours is called ____
Attribution
In making attributions, people rely on three types of information: ___. ___. and ___.
consensus, consistency and distinctiveness
________________is the tendency to assume that other people’s behaviour corresponds to their internal states rather than external situations
fundamental attribution error, also call correspondence bias
A phenomenon in which people tend to see themselves in a more positive light than they deserve.
the self-serving bias
____is evaluation towards an object, issue, person. Typically viewed as positively or negatively
Attitudes
What test was developed to measure implicit attitudes and beliefs that people are unwilling or unable to express openly?
The Implicit Association Test (IAT)
_________effect, whereby people become more positive about stimuli the more times they are exposed to them.
mere-exposure effect
The pairing ( conditioning) of a neutral stimulus with a response is often used in marketing.
Classical - conditioning
_________ is behaviours and attitudes are inconsistent
Cognitive Dissonance
Attitudes that regulate thought and behaviour unconsciously and automatically
Implicit attitudes
A condition in which an attitude object is associated with conflicting evaluative responses
Attitudinal ambivalence
The extent to which an attitude is internally consistent
Attitudinal coherence
___, ____, and ____ of an attitude may vary independently of each other.
The cognitive,
evaluative
Behavioural components
The mere-exposure effect only works on ___ and ___ attitudes
neutral attitudes
or
positive attitudes
The mere-exposure effect doesn’t work on ____ attitude.
negative
______ is the pairing (conditioning) of a neutral stimulus with a response. Used in marketing
Classical - conditioning
__________is Behaviours and attitudes are inconsistent
Cognitive Dissonance
In order to eliminate cognitive dissonance, either the ____ has to change, or the ____ has to change
Attitude
behaviour
A route of persuasion that involves the person receiving the message to think carefully and weigh up the arguments in the message
Central route
In persusion, _______ appeals to less rational and thoughtful processes, bypasses the cortex and often heads straight for points south, such as the limbic system, the heart or the gut.
Peripheral route
_______ refers to deliberate efforts to change an attitude
Persuasion
________involves building up the receiver’s ‘resistance’ to a persuasive appeal by presenting weak arguments for it or forewarning against it
attitude inoculation,
The model of persuasion that proposes that knowing how to appeal to a person requires figuring out the likelihood that they will think much aobut (or elaborate on) the arguments.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
_____ suggests that there are two routes through which people can be persuade
ELM: elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
_______ to attitude persuasion is more effective when the person is both motivated and able to think about the arguments
Central route
_________ is more effective when the likelihood that the person will engage in high-effort cognitive processing is low.
peripheral route
Three parts of the self
Public self (Interpersonal Self)
Self-Concept (Self-Knowledge)
Executive Functioning (Agent Self)
The strategy where people attempt to control what impressions others form of them
Self-Presentation
A process where people set themselves up to fail when success is uncertain in an attempt to maintain their self-esteem
Self-handicapping
Refers to the way most people respond. If all students in Psychology 1B don’t enjoy one of the activities this could be attributed to the situation (the activity)
Consensus
People typically see themselves in a more positive way than others see them
Self-Serving Bias
An association between an act or object and an evaluation
Attitude
An aspect of persuasion that refers to the person giving the message. People tend to be more persuasive when they are credible, attractive, likeable and powerful.
Source
Behaviour that helps other people with no apparent gain or with potential cost to oneself
altruism
____________is the doctrine that all behaviour is designed to increase one’s own pleasure or reduce one’s own pain.
Ethical hedonism
_____________ which holds that natural selection favours animals that behave altruistically if the likely benefit to each individual over time exceeds the likely cost. In other words, if the dangers are small but the gains in survival and reproduction are large, altruism is an adaptive strategy.
reciprocal altruism,
a diminished sense of personal responsibility to act because others are seen as equally responsible.
diffusion of responsibility
A decision-making model of bystander intervention.
1st, the bystander must notice the emergency.
2nd, the bystander must interpret the incident as an emergency.
3rd, the bystander must assume responsibility.
4th, he must then decide what to do and try to do it.
– At any point in this process, a bystander may make a decision that leads to inaction.
A form of altruism involving helping people in need
bystander intervention
______ refers to compliance with the demands of an authority
obedience
_______means changing attitudes or behaviour to accommodate the standards of peers or groups
conformity
__________refers to the effects of the presence of others on the way people think, feel and behave.
Social influence
______is the standards for the behaviour of group members
Norms
The groups to which a person refers when taking action.
reference group
A reference group can be _____ or _____
positive,
negative
A positive reference group (but not necessarily a positive ______)
influence
A_____is a position in a group that has norms specifying appropriate behaviour for its occupants
role
the group members who take responsibility for seeing that the group completes its tasks are called _______ , or ________. Others, called _____________, try to keep the group working cohesively and with minimal animosity.
task leaders,
instrumental leaders,
social–emotional leader
A reduction in individual effort when in a group
social loafing
a movement towards a decision that is at the extreme position
group polarisation
people tend to cluster together to be viewed even more favourably by members of their ingroup.
group cohesiveness
A phenomenon where people are less likely to help others when there is a group of people
Bystander effect
A form of altruism involving helping people in need.
Bystander intervention
A diminished sense of personal responsibility to act because others are seen as equally responsible.
Diffusion of responsibility
refers to behaviours people perform that have no apparent gain to oneself.
Altruism
The idea that there are no true acts of altruism because altruistic acts are all performed to make the altruist feel good is known as
ethical hedonism
When Kitty Genovese was brutally murdered and no one who witnessed this crime intervened, this is an example of the
bystander effect
________is when people feel less responsible to act because others have an equal responsibility to act.
diffusion of responsibility
_______is when people follow instruction from authority figures.
Obedience
People putting in less effort for a group assessment at university compared to an individual assessment is an example of
social loafing
The experiment that illustrated conformity by asking participants to select the longest line was conducted by
__________.
Asch study
Assigning a person with a label and then requesting them to do something that is consistent with that label is known as the _______
labelling technique
The experiment that illustrated obedience by instructing participants to give electric shocks when an ‘actor’ provided incorrect answers was conducted by ________
Stanley Milgram
When a group makes a decision to primarily uphold the harmony of the group is an example of
_________.
groupthink
A technique of social influence where you start with a bigger request expecting it to be denied and then move to a smaller request. For example, a teenager wants to stay out until midnight, they ask their dad if they can stay out until 2pm and he says no. Then ask if they can stay until midnight and he says yes.
Door-in-the-face technique
A technique of social influence where something is broken up into smaller elements to make it look more favorable. For example, Afterpay where you can purchase a pair of shoes for just $10 per week for 10 weeks, which sounds better than $100
Legitimization-of-paltry-favors technique
____ is defined as verbal or physical behaviour that is aimed at harming another person or living being.
Aggression
________ is an extreme form of aggression, such as assault, rape or murder
Violence
_______is
Impulsive aggression often elicited by anger
Hostile Aggression
_______ Aggression
Calm and premediated
Instrumental
People putting in less effort for a group assessment at university compared to an individual assessment is an example of _____ ______
.
Social loafing
there are both _____ stereotypes and ____ stereotypes.
negative
positive
Same to negative stereotypes, ____stereotypes can be harmful as well.
positive
well planed crime is a good example of ______ aggression
instrumental
______ is an extreme form of aggression such as assault, rape or murder
Violence
____ behaviour that damages interpersonal relationships and is deemed undesirable.
antisocial
According to cognitive–social theories, the roots of aggressive behaviour lie in _____ ______ and _______, and cognitive processes such as attributions and observational learning.
social rewards and punishments
The ____ ____ ____(GAM) unifies the multitude of theories created to explain aggression.
The general aggression model
The key elements of Attractions are:
- Similarity
- Interpersonal rewards
- Physical attractiveness
- Proximity
- Reciprocity
Based on psychology attraction section, why long distance is hard?
A.Similarity
B. Interpersonal rewards
C. Physical attractiveness
D. Proximity
E. Reciprocity
D. Proximity
When you tell your husband “I love you” he replies back “ I love you too” which one is the element meet in attraction?
A.Similarity
B. Interpersonal rewards
C. Physical attractiveness
D. Proximity
E. Reciprocity
E. Reciprocity
When a person received a rejection before, tends to expect the rejection in the future, this is called____ ______
Rejection sensitivity
Behavioural effects of rejections are:
- less generous,
- acting shortsighted,
- common for high school shooting in US
According to Sternbergs triangle,which one is the ideal love:
A. Romantic love
B. Companionate love
C. Fatuous love
D. Consummate love
D. Consummate love
If two people only passionate have sex, according to Sternber’s triangle, this is:
A. Romantic love
B. Companionate love
C. Infatuation love
D. Consummate love
C. Infatuation love
When female finds a man she’s interested, her oxytocin goes up by:
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 51%
D. 100%
C. 51%
When you kissing, hugging someone you attracted to, what chemical increasing in the body?
Oxytocin
Woman’s oxytocin skyrocket during ____
ogasim
Man’s vasopressin increases when he dating the women he______;
however, his vasopressin drops when he had ____.
Interested
sex
Children raised in more individualistic cultures, such as Australia and New Zealand, behave more ____ and with less concern for the needs and wellbeing of others
selfishly
