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Psychology 1B DA > Weeks 3 & 4 - Personality > Flashcards

Weeks 3 & 4 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviours. Relatively stable. Unique and adaptive.

A

Personality

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2
Q

Three ways we describe personality

A

Human nature- like all others

Individual and group differences- like some others

Individual uniqueness- like no others

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3
Q

Emotional, cognitive and behaviour tendencies which are unique to individuals

A

Traits

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4
Q

Eysenck’s super traits

A

Psychoticism – Low Psychoticism Extraversion – Introversion
Neuroticism – Emotional Stability

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5
Q

BAS & BIS

A

Behavioural approach systems (BAS) attuned to rewards

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) attuned to punishment

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6
Q

The Five-Factor Model Traits

A

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Extroversion
Neuroticism

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7
Q

Includes characteristics such as creativity, spontaneity, flexible in ideas.

A

Openness to Experience

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8
Q

Capacity to understand another person’s cognitive and emotional experience

A

Empathy

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9
Q

Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself that is consistent

A

Self-concept

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10
Q

Core aspect of being that is not impacted by external demands

A

True self

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11
Q

An aspect of self which emerges to gain positive regard from others

A

False self

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12
Q

View of what person should be like

A

Ideal self

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13
Q

Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person does

A

Positive regard

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14
Q

Desire to fulfil a range of needs that humans experience

A

Actualising tendency

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15
Q

Developed by Freud and includes conscious, preconscious, and unconscious elements

A

Topographic model

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16
Q

According to Freud ____________ is the ‘life force’ and includes pleasure seeking, sensuality, and desire for sexual intercourse

A

Libido

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17
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

Oral (0-18 months)
Anal (2-3 years)
Phallic (4-6 years)
Latency (7-11 years)
Genital (12+ years)

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18
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization

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19
Q

According to Carl Rogers _____________ is an organized pattern of thought and perception about oneself

A

Self-concept

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20
Q

Aspect of the humanistic approach to personality that relates to a human’s desire to fulfill the full needs of human experience (e.g. all the hierarchy of needs)

A

Actualising tendency

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21
Q

According to Bandura ___________ is a person’s idea that they can perform the require actions to get the desired outcome

A

Self-efficacy expectancy

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22
Q

Every day, as soon as I arrive at the office, I turn on my computer, make coffee, greet those there, and check my email. I do this flawlessly each day and in that order. Which of the following best applies to my behaviour?
a. Behavioural invariance
b. Consistency
c. Repetitive response pattern
d. Indistinctiveness

A

b. Consistency

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23
Q

The first individual to present a comprehensive theory of personality.

A

Sigmund Freud

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24
Q

Jedda is imaginative, unconventional, curious, and artistic; Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. According to the Five
factor model of personality, it is likely that Jedda will score high on ______________ and Brandy will score low on the same trait.

A

openness

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25
Q

The limitations of cognitive-social approaches to personality is/are:
a. a tendency to underemphasise the emotional, motivational, and
irrational
b. a tendency to assume people consciously know what they think, feel
and want
c. a tendency to emphasise the rational side of life
d. all of the options listed

A

All of the options listed

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26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a pattern of infant attachment?
* a. Ambivalent
* b. Insecure
* c. Disorganised
* d. Secure

A

b. Insecure

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27
Q

Proximity plays an important role in attraction because:

a. it introduces important social dynamics such as status and encourages resolution
b. it allows people to address conformity and peer pressure in a family setting
c. it encourages reproductive success due to accessibility
d. it allows people to get to know one another and sets the stage for familiarity

A

d. it allows people to get to know one another and sets the stage for familiarity

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28
Q

A broad intrepreation of personality that is so broad it could apply to anyone, and so is accepted as fact.

A

Barnum effect

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29
Q

Theories of learning that emphasise the role of thought and social learning in behaviour

A

cognitive-social theories

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30
Q

Unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting a person from experiencing unpleasant emotions, especially anxiety.

A

defence mechanisms

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31
Q

A trait theory that asserts that personality consists of five traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism)

A

Five-factor model / Big-five personality traits

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32
Q

Setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviours to achieve goals in the context of ongoing feedback

A

self-regulation

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33
Q

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

A

personality

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34
Q

The HOW of personality; the process of personality.

A

Personality Mechanisms

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35
Q

traits that improve an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

A

adaptions

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36
Q

the organisation or patterning of thoughts, feelings and behaviours

A

Structure of Personality

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37
Q

the perspective that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals

A

trait perspective

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38
Q

assumption that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

A

lexical approach

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39
Q

Using statistical analysis to determine key traits

A

statistical analysis approach traits

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40
Q

theoretical approach traits

A

Deriving traits from another theory of personality

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41
Q

Eysenck’s supertraits

A

psychoticism , extraversion-introversion, neuroticism

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42
Q

16 personality factor system. Key goal was to identify and measure the basic units of personality

A

Cattell’s Taxonomy

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43
Q

A cognitive-social personality researcher who focused on personal constructs that are significant to a person and their personality. Looked at how cognitions influence behaviour.

A

George Kelly

44
Q

According to ______________, people are driven by schemas:
a. Albert Bandura
b. Carl Rogers
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Abraham Maslow

A

a. Albert Bandura

45
Q

The ______ approach focuses on aspects of personality that are distinctly human, not shared by other animals.-
a.humanistic
b.existential
c.trait
d.anthropomorphic

A

a. humanistic

46
Q

Tests that present subjects with an ambiguous stimulus and ask them to give some kind of definition or meaning to it are known as?

a.Objective
b.Subjective
c.Projective
d.Inductive

A

c. Projective

47
Q

According to Hans Eysenck, what defines a continuum from emotional stability to instability?
a.Neuroticism
b.Psychosis
c.Depression
d.Dementia

A

a. Neuroticism

48
Q

According to Freud, the reality principle is the:

a.id seeking immediate satisfaction and gratification

b.ego weighing the id’s desires against the consequences

c.superego counterbalancing the id

d.repression of sexual impulses

A

b. ego weighing the id’s desires against the consequences

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the “big five” factors identified by Costa and McCrae?
a.Agreeableness
b.Conscientiousness
c.Self-actualisation
d.Openness

A

c. Self-actualisation

50
Q

What is the first stage of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
a. Anal
b. Oral
c. Latency
d. Phallic

A

b. Oral

51
Q

the process of making inferences about the causes of one’s own and others’ thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

A

Attribution

52
Q

Who created the ‘person-centred’ approach?

A

Carl Rogers

53
Q

Maslow’s five levels in the hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualisation

54
Q

Who is famous for the ‘ink blot’ test?

A

Rorschach

55
Q

Who created the idea of ‘word association’ in psychotherapy?

A

Carl Jung

56
Q

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings or traits to others?
a) Repression
b) Projection
c) Denial
d) Rationalisation

A

b) Projection

57
Q

Sarah, who failed an exam, insists that she didn’t study because she believes that the subject is not important. Which defense mechanism is she using?
a) Displacement
b) Repression
c) Rationalisation
d) Regression

A

c) Rationalisation

58
Q

John, who is angry at his boss, goes to the gym and channels his anger into an intense workout. Which defense mechanism is he using?
a) Sublimation
b) Regression
c) Projection
d) Reaction formation

A

a) Sublimation

59
Q

A person who unconsciously forgets about an unpleasant event from their past is using which defense mechanism?
a) Rationalisation
b) Repression
c) Displacement
d) Sublimation

A

b) Repression

60
Q

Which defense mechanism involves attributing exaggerated positive qualities to oneself or others to maintain self-esteem?
a) Rationalisation
b) Reaction formation
c) Idealization
d) Sublimation

A

c) Idealisation

61
Q

Emma, who is afraid of dogs, becomes a veterinarian to overcome her fear and be in control of the situation. Which defense mechanism is she using?
a) Repression
b) Sublimation
c) Reaction formation
d) Rationalization

A

B) Sublimation

62
Q

Which defense mechanism involves diverting unacceptable impulses or emotions to a more acceptable target?
a) Sublimation
b) Displacement
c) Regression
d) Denial

A

b)Displacement

63
Q

Tom, who is having difficulty coping with his recent breakup, starts painting to express his emotions. Which defence mechanism is he using?
a) Rationalization
b) Reaction formation
c) Sublimation
d) Denial

A

c) Sublimation

64
Q

Which defense mechanism involves reverting to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development?
a) Regression
b) Repression
c) Sublimation
d) Projection

A

a) Regression

65
Q

Maria is known for being the life of the party. She loves socializing, is outgoing, and thrives in large gatherings. Which trait from the Big Five Model best describes her behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

c) Extraversion

66
Q

John is highly organized, detail-oriented, and likes to plan his day meticulously. He prefers sticking to schedules and is often seen as reliable and responsible. Which trait from the Big Five Model does John exhibit?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

e) Conscientiousness

67
Q

Sarah is known for being compassionate, empathetic, and always willing to help others. She goes out of her way to support her friends and is genuinely interested in their well-being. Which trait from the Big Five Model is most evident in Sarah’s behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

a) Agreeableness

68
Q

Mark is highly curious, imaginative, and enjoys exploring new ideas and concepts. He appreciates art, enjoys abstract thinking, and is open to new experiences. Which trait from the Big Five Model does Mark exhibit?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

b) Openness to experience

69
Q

Emily tends to worry a lot and is prone to experiencing anxiety. She often overthinks situations and is sensitive to stress. Which trait from the Big Five Model best describes Emily’s tendency?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

d) Neuroticism

70
Q

Alex prefers working independently and enjoys solitude. He is reserved, thinks before speaking, and tends to be introspective. Which trait from the Big Five Model is Alex low on?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

c) Extraversion

71
Q

Rebecca is known for being dependable, organized, and responsible. She is methodical in her approach, follows through on commitments, and pays attention to detail. Which trait from the Big Five Model does Rebecca exhibit?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

e) Conscientiousness

72
Q

James is highly sociable, enjoys being the center of attention, and is energized by interacting with others. He often takes on leadership roles and is comfortable in social situations. Which trait from the Big Five Model best describes James’ behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

c) Extraversion

73
Q

Lisa is known for being skeptical, critical, and not easily swayed by emotions. She tends to question things, analyzes situations logically, and values rationality. Which trait from the Big Five Model is most evident in Lisa’s behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness

A

e) Conscientiousness

74
Q

Personality encompasses which of the following?
a) Thoughts and feelings
b) Physical appearance
c) IQ score
d) Musical talent

A

a) Thoughts and feelings

75
Q

Personality traits influence behavior but do not:
a) Determine it
b) Affect physical health
c) Change over time
d) Impact relationships

A

a) Determine it

76
Q

Personality processes involve input, decision rules, and:
a) Motivation
b) Memory
c) Output
d) Perception

A

c) Output

77
Q

Personality influences interactions through various mechanisms, including:
a) Intelligence
b) Perception, selection, evocation, and manipulation
c) Physical appearance
d) Social status

A

b) Perception, selection, evocation, and manipulation

78
Q

Which domain of adaptation involves fitting in with others?
a) Physical
b) Intrapsychic
c) Social environment
d) Emotional

A

c) Social environment

79
Q

The Trait Perspective of Personality uses which approach to describe traits?
a) Lexical approach
b) Statistical approach
c) Theoretical approach
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

80
Q

Gordon Allport proposed the Trait Perspective of Personality in which decade?
a) 1920s
b) 1930s
c) 1940s
d) 1950s

A

b) 1930s

81
Q

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model includes three super traits, which are:
a) Openness, consciousness, extraversion
b) Psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
c) Openness, extroversion, neuroticism

A

b) Psychotics, extraversion, neuroticism

82
Q

Which model reduces Allport & Odbert’s list of traits to 16?
a) Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model
b) Five Factor Model (Big 5)
c) Cattle’s Taxonomy
d) HEXACO Model

A

c) Cattle’s Taxonomy

83
Q

The Psychodynamic Perspective on Personality is based on:
a) Free will and human goodness
b) Learning, cognition, and social factors
c) Unconscious and conscious processes
d) Instincts and libido

A

c) Unconscious and conscious processes

84
Q

Which of the following is a defense mechanism according to the Psychodynamic Perspective?
a) Self-efficacy
b) Rationalization
c) Behavior-Outcome Expectancy
d) Self-actualization

A

b) Rationalization

85
Q

The Humanistic Perspective on Personality emphasizes:
a) Learning, cognition, and social factors
b) Schemas and expectations
c) Free will and the inherent goodness of people
d) Unconscious processes and instincts

A

c) Free will and the inherent goodness of people

86
Q

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs includes all of the following except:
a) Safety
b) Esteem
c) Love and Belonging
d) Power

A

d) Power

87
Q

According to Carl Rogers, self-actualization is driven by:
a) Growth, genuineness, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard
b) Conscious experiences and personal control
c) Schemas, expectations, and goal attainment
d) Physiological and safety needs

A

a) Growth, genuineness, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard

88
Q

Albert Bandura’s cognitive-social model of behavior includes all of the following except:
a) Encoding
b) Self-Regulation
c) Expectations
d) Physical appearance

A

d) Physical appearance

89
Q

Personal control refers to:
a) External Locus of Control
b) Internal Locus of Control
c) Expectations and beliefs
d) Self-efficacy and competences

A

b) Internal Locus of Control

90
Q

The Rorschach test is a projective test similar to:
a) The Barnum Effect
b) Animal Personality
c) Carl Jung’s collective unconscious
d) Gordon Allport’s Lexical Approach

A

c) Carl Jung’s collective unconscious

91
Q

Which theorist focuses on interpersonal disturbances and connections with others?
a) Carl Jung
b) Karen Horney
c) Albert Bandura
d) Abraham Maslow

A

b) Karen Horney

92
Q

The Barnum Effect refers to:
a) Animals having personalities
b) Instinctual drives and psychosexual stages
c) Believing general and vague descriptions are specifically tailored
d) Humanistic perspective on personality

A

c) Believing general and vague descriptions are specifically tailored

93
Q

what three approaches to Identifying traits:

A
  1. Lexical Approach: in language, a starting point. however, some traits are similar
  2. Statistical Approach: Using all the traits from language and lexical approach. Fact analysis, bond similar together.
  3. Theoretical Approach: used most frequently
94
Q

Eysenck’s super traits

A

Extraversion – Introversion

Neuroticism – Emotional Stability

Psychoticism – Low Psychoticism

95
Q

Enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviours. Relatively stable. Unique and adaptive.

A

Personality

96
Q

What theories offered the first comprehensive alternative to psychodynamic theories of personality.

A

Cognitive–social theories

97
Q

According to cognitive–social theories, what several conditions must be met for a behaviour to occur?

A
  • The person must encode the current situation as relevant to their goals or current concerns,
  • and the situation must have enough personal meaning or value to initiate goal-driven behaviour.
  • The individual must believe that performing the behaviour will lead to the desired outcome
  • and that they have the ability to perform it.
  • The person must also actually have the ability to carry out the behaviour.
  • Finally, the person must be able to regulate ongoing activity in a way that leads to goal fulfilment

perhaps by monitoring behaviour at each step of the way until they fulfils the goal, as in decision-making theories, or changing the goal if they cannot fully achieve it. If any of these conditions is not met, the behaviour will not occur.

98
Q

In cognitive–social theories , for people to respond to a situation, they must first encode it as ________.

A

Relevant

99
Q

According to cognitive-social theories, ____ ____refers to the importance individuals attach to various outcomes or potential outcomes

A

personal vaule

100
Q

In cognitive-social theories:

— mental representations of the people, places, things and events that are significant to a person
— substantially influence their behaviour

A

peresonal construct

101
Q

In cognitive-social theories:

People tend to focus on and select behaviours and situations that have_____ to them, and that are relevant to their goals or___

A

personal value
life tasks

102
Q

In cognitive-social theories, ___ ___ is conscious, self-defined problems people try to solve

A

Life task

103
Q

(cognitive-social theories) ______refers to setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviour to achieve these goals in the context of ongoing feedback

A

Self-regulation

104
Q

_________theories attempt to account for the difficulties of people with high impairment in both domains (love and work)

A

Object relations

105
Q

object relations theories are about people’s ____ with others

A

relationships

106
Q

_______ theories focus on interpersonal disturbances and the mental processes that underlie the capacity for relatedness to others?

A

Object relations

Psychology 1B DA (5 decks)

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