Weeks 1 & 2 - Development Flashcards
Which of the following are an example of a reflex?
a. Sucking
b. Crying
c. Grasping
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Jessica is researching developmental changes over time and interviews a group of participants aged between 20-30, another group of participants aged between 50-60 and another group of participants aged between 80-90. Jessica is using..
a. a longitudinal research design
b. a cross-sectional research design
c. a multi-factorials research design
d. a sequential design
b. a cross-sectional research design
An environmental factor or substances that can harm a foetus is called a:
a. Embryonic period
b. Foetal alcohol syndrome
c. Teratogen
d. Genetic substance
c. Teratogen
According to Piaget a schema is:
a. A stage of childhood development
b. An organised pattern of thought
c. When children can perceive abstract ideas
d. When children think with their hands and mouths
b. An organised pattern of thought
If a child asks their parent why they are not allowed to play outside and their parent responds with because I said so
, their parenting style is most likely.
a. Authoritarian
b. Permissive
c. Authoritative
d. Neglectful / uninvolved
a. Authoritarian
The tendency for children to focus on one feature of an object without considering other features is known as:
a. Preoperational stage
b. Assimilation
c. Accommodation
d. Centration
d. Centration
Sequential designs minimize _________ by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally.
a. Cohort effects
b. Experimenter bias
c. Statistical significance
d. Influence of nature
a. Cohort effects
According to Piaget, children who are able to manipulate abstract ideas as well as concrete ideas are in which cognitive stage?
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
Tate’s mother leaves Tate in a room and when she returns Tate ignores her. According to Bowlby’s theory, Tate is likely to be at which stage of attachment?
a. Secure attachment
b. Avoidant attachment
c. Ambivalent attachment
d. Disorganized attachment
b. Avoidant attachment
The typical sequence of physical milestones in childhood are:
a. Crawling, sits alone, lifts chin, stands with support
b. Lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
c. Stands with support, crawling, lifts chin, sits alone
d. Lifts chin, crawling, sits alone, stands with support
b. Lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
Any substance or environmental factor that may cause birth defects
Teratogen
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour and that remain relatively uninfluenced by experience
Maturation
Periods of special sensitivity to a specific type of learning
Critical periods
Order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor (approx. 0 – 2 years); Preoperational (approx. 2-7 years); Concrete operational (approx. 7-12 years); Formal operational (approx. 12+ years)
Organised, repeatedly exercised pattern of thought or behaviour
Schema
The four parenting styles
Permissive, Neglectful, Authoritarian, Authoritative
The four attachment styles
Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized
Compares groups of participants of different ages at a single time to investigate differences between them
Cross-sectional studies
A study design that follows the same individuals over time and thus can directly assess age changes rather than age differences
Longitudinal studies
A study design that minimises the confounding variable of cohort by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally.
Sequential studies
In infancy, motor movements develop from ________ to __________.
head, toe
A form of prejudice against old people comparable to racism and sexism.
Ageism
A progressive and incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain, causing severe impairment of memory, reasoning, perception, language and behaviour.
Alzheimer’s disease
The process of executing mental processes with increasing efficiency, so that they require less and less attention.
Automatisation
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, beginning roughly around age two and lasting until age five to seven, characterised by the emergence of symbolic thought.
pre-operational stage
The interpretation of actions or events in terms of one’s present schemas in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
assimilation
The tendency to focus on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other features that might be relevant in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
centration
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, which falls between the ages of seven and 12, in which children are capable of mentally manipulating internal representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible.
Concrete operational stage
Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at about age 12 to 15, and is characterised by the ability to manipulate abstract as well as concrete objects, events and ideas mentally.
formal operational stage
The capacity to associate sensations of an object from different senses, or to match one’s own actions to behaviours that are observed visually.
Intermodal processing, P741 6th
In Piaget’s theory, the recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of one’s actions on, or observation of, them.
Object permanence
In Piaget’s theory, a distinct underlying logic used by a child at a given stage.
structure of thought
The process by which children learn the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes and behaviour patterns of their society.
Socialisation
Environmental agents that harm the embryo or foetus are referred to as:
a. toxins
b. teratogens
c. rooting factors
d. pharmacologicals
b. teratogens
According to John Bowlby, attachment behaviour is ______ in order to ______:
a. learned; allow children to function successfully within a particular culture
b. innate; ensure the young are able to interact with others of their species
c. pre-wired; keep offspring close to their parents
d. culturally instilled; maintain social order
c. pre-wired; keep offspring close to their parents
According to Piaget, a ________ is an organised, repeatedly exercised pattern of behaviour or thought.
a. Assimilation
b. Schema
c. Transition
d. Habit
b. Schema
Which of the following is NOT a pattern of infant attachment?
a. Secure
b. Ambivalent
c. Insecure
d. Disorganised
c. Insecure
According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage understand that basic properties of an object or situation remain stable, even though the superficial properties may be changed. This is termed:
a. transitivity
b. conservation
c. decentration
d. permanence
b. conservation
Erikson’s basic trust versus mistrust stage of development occurs:
a. roughly in the first 18 months of life.
b. ages 1 and a half to 2 years.
c. ages 3 to 5 years.
d. adolescence to young adulthood.
a. roughly in the first 18 months of life
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of prenatal development?
a. Foetal, embryonic, germinal
b. Embryonic, germinal, foetal
c. Germinal, foetal, embryonic
d. Germinal, embryonic, foetal
d. Germinal, embryonic, foetal