Weekly-Part 1 Flashcards
fertile
بارور، حاصلخیز، پر میوه، پرحاصل
- fertile fields
- a fertile mind
- a fertile imagination
- fertile seed
- In order to turn the deserts into fertile and productive land, engineers built an 800-mile canal.
بارورگر، پر ثمر کننده، حاصلخیز کننده
*the sun’s fertile warmth
tremendous
عظیم، فوق العاده *a tremendous explosion *A tremendous amount of work has gone into the project. *It was a tremendous experience. =very great =extremely good
conjectural
وهمی، حدسی، فرضی
*He uses the words “guess” and “suppose” frequently, showing that the whole argument is purely conjectural.
- An expert’s opinion must not be based upon speculative or conjectural data.
- How this momentous event happened is still highly conjectural.
- Since there are no historical records about the incident, the entire movie is based on a conjectural premise.
- Even though the tip seemed conjectural, the detectives still had to look into the accusation.
precisely
دقیقا، مو به مو، درست، با دقت صریحا، عینا همینطور
- exactly:
- The fireworks begin at eight o’clock precisely.
- What do you think the problem is, precisely?
- used to emphasize what you are saying:
- “You look tired - you should go home and rest.” “I’m going to do precisely that.”
- But it’s precisely because of the noise that they’re thinking of moving.
- carefully and accurately:
- He works slowly and precisely whereas I tend to rush things and make mistakes.
Appeal
درخواست کردن؛ تقاضا کردن
* the Governor appealed for help for earthquake victims
تقاضا؛ درخواست
latency
نهفتگی، دوره کمون، دوره عکس العمل
*The latency period for the cancer is 15 years.
*They measured the latency of the brain’s response to a stimulus.
زمان تاخیر (علوم کامپیوتر)
*If there is high latency, messages can take minutes or longer to be delivered.
*Latency is a measure of delay. In a network, latency measures the time it takes for some data to get to its destination across the network.
*Latency is the delay between a user’s action and a web application’s response to that action
*There are four main components that affect network latency
cull
جمع اوری کردن، گلچین کردن،برگزیدن، دستچین کردن
خوب وارسی کردن (به منظور گزیدن یا رد کردن)
حذف کردن
*She went to strange lands to cull recipes for her book.
- to select from a group : CHOOSE
- culled the best passages from the poet’s work
- Damaged fruits are culled before the produce is shipped.
- to reduce or control the size of (something, such as a herd) by removal (as by hunting or slaughter) of especially weak or sick individuals
- The town issued hunting licenses in order to cull the deer population.
- culling a herd of cattle
معنی اول در کمبریج:
- When people cull animals, they kill them, especially the weaker members of a particular group of them, in order to reduce or limit their number
- The plan to cull large numbers of baby seals has angered environmental groups.
- If you cull animals or plants, you kill or remove them:
- to cull growing herds before they run out of food
- culling dead timber
- culling diseased cows
- culled hundreds of deer
overwhelm
فرا گرفتن
- that village has been overwhelmed by desert sand
- They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died.
- I was overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received.
- A sense of inadequacy overwhelmed me.
از توان انداختن، از پا در آوردن، در هم کوبیدن، در هم شکستن
- We were overwhelmed by the number of applications.
- They would be overwhelmed with paperwork.
- In 1532 the Spaniards finally overwhelmed the armies of Peru.
outage
(برق) قطع، خاموشی، (کار و غیره) وقفه، تعطیل
- a power outage
- The radio news reported power outages affecting 50 homes.
encompass
شامل بودن
=enfold
*The study encompasses the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.
*The festival is to encompass everything from music, theatre, and ballet to literature, cinema, and the visual arts.
convergence
همگرایی همسانی تلاقی *a convergence of interests/opinions/ideas *the convergence of the three rivers
خیلی زیاد با
point of
می آید
*The near point of convergence break was measured 4 times repeatedly with an accommodative target.
expenditure
هزینه، مصرف، خرج
*an expenditure of energy
مخارج، هزینه‌ها
- The government’s annual expenditure on arms has been reduced.
- income should exceed expenditures
- an increase in military expenditures
mutual
متقابل، دوطرفه
- mutual affection
- Theirs was a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding.
- The agreement was terminated by mutual consent.
مشترک، مشاع
- they had long been mutual enemies
- enjoying their mutual hobby
coincidence
تصادف، اتفاق
- Just by coincidence, I met my old schoolmate again 50 years later.
- You chose exactly the same wallpaper as us - what a coincidence!
- Is it just a coincidence that the wife of the man who ran the competition won first prize?
- a series of strange/amazing coincidences
steady
بی حرکت
*I’ll hold the boat steady while you climb in.
Most rental prices have held steady this year.
*a steady ladder.
*Keep the camera steady while you take a picture.
پیوسته، یکنواخت،بی وقفه
- The procession moved through the streets at a steady pace.
- Orders for new ships are rising, after several years of steady decline.
- a steady rain
genuine
اصیل، واقعی (در مقابل جعلی یا قلابی)
معتبر
- genuine leather
- The painting is a genuine Picasso.
counterfeit
جعلی،تقلبی، بدلی
=fake
جعل کردن یا شدن
- counterfeit coin
- criminals were counterfeiting dollars
- This watch may be a counterfeit, but it looks just like the original.
- We have made it significantly more difficult for them to counterfeit this document.
- Two women and a man have been convicted of counterfeiting $100 bills.
consent
رضایت دادن، راضی بودن
رضایت، موافقت، اجازه
*They can’t publish your name without your consent.
You can only come on the trip if your parents give their consent.
*Her latest novel, by common consent, is her best yet.
*My aunt never married because her father wouldn’t consent to her marriage.
*I asked to leave the room, and the teacher gave his consent.
excerpt
گزیده، نقل قول
برگزیدن، نقل قول کردن
- An excerpt from her new thriller will appear in this weekend’s magazine.
- This passage has been excerpted from her latest novel.
solicit
متوسل شدن به، دست به دامن کسی شدن، درخواست کردن، تقاضا کردن، التماس کردن =ask=require *to solicit donations for a charity * to solicit the committee for funds. * He solicited aid from the minister. *She is too shy to solicit
homely
صاف و ساده، خودمانی، دوستانه، معمولی، روزمره
- The hotel was homely and comfortable.
- satisfy themselves with houses, furniture, books and clothes that were worn and homely and friendly to the touch
- I wanted a homely room but I wanted it to look smart, too.
- We try and provide a very homely atmosphere.
- Mrs Jones was a pleasant, homely person with a ready smile.
- homely virtues محسنات معمولی
plainly
به سادگی، روشن
رک، صریحا
*express yourself plainly
=directly =Foursquare
آشکارا، هویدا، به وضوح
*he was plainly tired
=apparently=evidently=obviously=visibly
- This is plainly wrong.
- Every footstep could be plainly heard.
- The men had plainly lied.
- Plainly, a great deal of extra time will be needed for the security checks.
- The judge’s conclusion was plainly wrong.
- Plainly, a more objective method of description must be adopted.
- He was plainly annoyed.
- I could plainly see him turning his head to the right and left.
- Loch plainly felt guilty about it.
procession
صف مردم، گروه مشایعین
- a wedding/funeral procession
- The festival will open with a procession led by the mayor.
- My day has just been a never-ending procession of visitors.
- …religious processions.
- They marched in procession to the Capitol building.
- an endless procession of visitors
mere
صرف، محض ،فقط، تنها
- She lost the election by a mere 20 votes.
- He’s a mere child.
- It can’t be a mere coincidence that they left at the same time.
- Admission costs a mere $5 for adults, and only $1 for children.
- Most of the soldiers were mere boys.
- That may be mere coincidence-but it is also perhaps symbolic.
- Another mere coincidence, say school officials, adding that Tarkanian was adamant about having such a watchdog on staff.
- It has happened too often to me to be mere coincidence.
- Logic suggests this can not be reduced to mere coincidence.
- These schools were, for the most part, inferior. The mere fact of racial imbalance represented a form of inequality.
- What had made him change his mind? The mere fact of Ryan’s being in her cottage?
- used to emphasize that something which is small or not extreme has a big effect or is important
- The merest little noise makes him nervous.
- The mere thought of food made her feel sick.
- The mere fact that the talks are continuing is a positive sign.
Preface
پیشگفتار، دیباچه، مقدمه
- usually, a preface explains the purpose and plan of a book
- In his preface, the author says that he took eight years to write the book.
competence
- [countable] (also competency) formal a skill needed to do a particular job
- Typing is considered by most employers to be a basic competence.
- [uncountable] the ability to do something well
- -competence in
- Students will gain competence in a wide range of skills.
- -competence of
- He questioned the competence of the government.
*Doctors have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional competence.
لیاقت، کارایی، مهارت، تبحر، کاردانی، شایستگی
- Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable.
- He reached a reasonable level of competence in his English.
profession
حرفه
-any type of work that needs special training or a particular skill, often one that is respected because it involves a high level of education
- He left the teaching profession in 1965 to start his own business.
- The report notes that 40 percent of lawyers entering the profession are women.
- Teaching as a profession is very underpaid.
- He’s a doctor by profession.
practitioner
شاغل
-someone involved in a skilled job or activity
- Elizabeth Quan is a London-based practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine.
- She was a medical practitioner (= a doctor) before she entered politics.
- a French doctor who was once the most famous practitioner of natural childbirth
initiative
-DECISIONS-[uncountable] the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do
- I wish my son would show more initiative.
- Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative.
- Lt. Carlos was not obeying orders. He acted on his own initiative (=he was not told what to do).
- PLAN [countable] an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem
- a government initiative to help exporters
- an education initiative
- -initiative for
- a new initiative for peace in the Middle East
- LAW [countable] law a process by which ordinary citizens can officially suggest a change in the law by signing a petition
آغازی، ابتکار عمل، ابتکار
، مقدماتی، اولیه
*Business analysis is a broad profession in which business analysts might perform
work for many different types of initiatives across an enterprise.
attitude
(طرز) برخورد، (فکر یا احساس یا عمل) روش، گرایش، رویکرد، نگرش
- As soon as they found out I was a doctor, their whole attitude changed.
- The people have a very positive attitude to life.
necessity
نیاز
<>luxury
*She saw books as a necessity, not a luxury.
* A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the country.
underlying
در زیر قرار گرفته، اصولی یا اساسی، زیر بنایی، اصلی
succinct
موجز، روشن و کوتاه، واضح و مختصر
- Keep your letter succinct and to the point.
- Keep your answers as succinct as possible.
- a succinct explanation
- If you have something to say make sure that it is accurate, succinct and to the point
—succinctly adverb
* Anderson put the same point more succinctly.
—succinctness noun [uncountable]
redeem
جبران کردن، تاوان دادن
پس دادن
باز پرداخت کردن
2 → redeem yourself
- to make something or someone seem less bad
- He was an hour late, but he redeemed himself in her eyes by giving her a huge bunch of flowers.
- She took me to see a really dull film, the only redeeming feature of which (= the only thing which prevented it from being completely bad) was the soundtrack.
conclusive
قاطع، مسلم، بی‌برو و برگرد
- They had conclusive evidence/proof of her guilt.
- a conclusive argument
- There’s no conclusive evidence that power lines are a health risk.
- The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence.
virtue
حسن، خوبی، فضیلت
*Patience is a virtue.
- [uncountable] formal moral goodness of character and behaviour OPP vice
- Women have often been used as symbols of virtue.
- [countable] a particular good quality in someone’s character OPP vice
- Among her many virtues are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.
مزیت، برتری
- Would there be any virtue in taking an earlier train?
- The actress has appeared in many TV ads extolling (= praising) the virtues of hair products.
- Adam Smith believed in the virtues of free trade.
- Wilkins is now extolling (=praising very much) the virtues of organic farming.
rationale
علت وجود، دلیل اصلی
- I don’t understand the rationale for these restrictions.
- He tried to explain the scientific rationale behind his work.
-noun [countable usually singular]
formal the reasons for a decision, belief etc
“rationale behind/for/of”
*The rationale behind the changes is not at all evident.
*The rationale for using this teaching method is to encourage student confidence.
*These arguments suggest that it may be possible to provide a rationale for an industrial policy to subsidize sunrise industries.
An unjust delay becomes another rationale for injustice.
• The lawsuit also noted that the official rationale for raising the dam was flood control, not providing more water.
• We first provide a positive rationale for considering state ownership, by examining its advantages.
• This background provides the rationale of naturopathy, or nature cure, and other sensible, healthy dietary regimes.
outlier
- a person, thing, or fact that is very different from other people, things, or facts, so that it cannot be used to draw general conclusions
- People who live past 100 are genetic outliers, whose longevity is unreachable for most of us.
کسی که دور از شهر و محل کارش زندگی می کند.
دورزی- منزوی-انزواطلب- جدایی خواه
dismiss
رد کردن
- I think he’d dismissed me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me.
- Let’s not just dismiss the idea before we’ve even thought about it.
- Just dismiss those thoughts from your mind - they’re crazy and not worth thinking about.
throughout
(در) سرتاسر، (در) سراسر، (در) همه‌ی، (در) تمام
- People throughout the country are out of work.
- He yawned throughout the performance.
- The school has been repainted throughout.
- a large organization with offices throughout the world
- The disease spread rapidly throughout Europe.
- We are open every weekend throughout the year.
- He was involved in politics throughout his life.
- The debate continued, but Meredith remained silent throughout.
slip
حرکت کردن،(لیز خوردن و) افتادن
- FALL OR SLIDE:
- She slipped on the ice.
- Careful you don’t slip - there’s water on the floor.
- The razor slipped while he was shaving and he cut himself.
- MOVE:
- He watched the sun slip down behind the mountains.
- The ring had slipped off Julia’s finger.
banquet
- a formal dinner for many people on an important occasion
* Its big annual event in Dade County, a banquet honoring the judiciary, just made me impatient.
consensus
همرایی، اجماع، توافق ، اتفاق نظر
=harmony=consent=agreement
- -consensus on/about
- a lack of consensus about the aims of the project
- -consensus that
- There is a consensus among teachers that children should have a broad understanding of the world.
- the current consensus of opinion
- The general consensus was that technology was a good thing.
- The general consensus in the office is that he can’t do his job.
- Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let’s take a vote.
solemn
جدی، رسمی
- serious and without any humour
- a solemn face/voice
- solemn music
- Everyone looked very solemn.
foreword
پیشگفتار
intuition
شهود، درون یابی
- [uncountable] the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts SYN instinct
- feminine intuition
- Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.
-[countable] an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts
intuition (that)
*He had an intuition there was trouble brewing.
*We should trust our intuitions.
set out
شروع بکار کردن
- He set out to become chief executive.
- I don’t set out to annoy him - it just seems to happen.
- He set out to crush all his enemies.
pamphlet
جزوه
superb
عالی،باشکوه،
=great=magnificent =fine
- The food was superb.
- superb weather
- He is a superb dancer.
- Taylor scored a superb goal at the end of the first half.
prose
نثر
[uncountable]
- I’ve always preferred reading prose to poetry.
- Brown’s prose is simple and direct.
controversy
بحث، بگو مگو،، جرو بحث، جدل، قیل و قال
-noun (plural controversies) [countable, uncountable]
a serious argument about something that involves many people and continues for a long time
- a political controversy
- The judges’ decision provoked controversy.
- controversy over/about
- the controversy over campaign-finance issues
- Controversy arose (=began) over the use of the chemicals on crops.
- There was a big controversy surrounding/over the use of drugs in athletics.
- The policy has caused fierce/heated controversy ever since it was introduced.
provoke
برانگیختن، تحریک کردن، دامن زدن
خشمگین کردن، عصبانی کردن
واداشتن، وادار کردن
- The proposal provoked widespread criticism.
- The decision to invade provoked storms of protest.
- Test results provoked worries that the reactor could overheat.
- The novel has provoked fierce debate in the US.
- She hopes her editorial will provoke readers into thinking seriously about the issue.
- The dog would not have attacked if it hadn’t been provoked.
quarrel
ستیز، دعوا، مرافعه، بگو مگو
دعوا کردن، بگو مگو کردن
- quarrel with
- Jacob left after a quarrel with his wife.
- quarrel about/over
- They had a quarrel about some girl.
- quarrel between
- Had there been any quarrel between you?
- They had a bitter quarrel about/over some money three years ago and they haven’t spoken to each other since.
- We have no quarrel with the people of your country (= we have no reason to disagree with or dislike them).
- They seem to have patched up their quarrel (= finished their disagreement and started to be friendly).
elapse
-If time elapses, it goes past
منقضی شدن، سرآمدن، سپری شدن، گذشتن
- five years elapsed before I heard from him again
- Four years had elapsed since he left college and still he hadn’t found a job.
- The assignment must be completed within an overall elapsed time of one week.
conduct
اجرا، مدیریت، اداره
*the conduct of everyday business
رفتار، سلوک
- The Senator’s conduct is being investigated by the Ethics Committee.
- an inquiry into the conduct of the police
- his conduct was admirable
اداره کردن، مدیریت کردن، اجراکردن
رفتار کردن
راهنمایی کردن، همراهی کردن
*We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service.
*The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.
*How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business!
*Is it really necessary to conduct experiments on animals?
*The protesters were conducted from the courtroom by two police officers.
*They conducted a campaign of bombings and assassinations.
consistent
استوار
یکپارچه - یکدست
منسجم
سازگار
=firm
*There has been a consistent improvement in her attitude.
*Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she’s not consistent.
*We need to be consistent in our approach.
*The evidence is not consistent.
intense
شدید، قوی
*intense cold/heat/hatred
*an intense flavour/colour
*He suddenly felt an intense pain in his back.
*Young people today are under intense pressure to succeed.
* the intense heat of the desert
*The pain was so intense I couldn’t sleep.
*He took an intense interest in all religious matters.
a look of intense dislike
escalate
تشدید کردن
-escalate something (into something)
- the escalating costs of healthcare
- We do not want to escalate the war.
- The fighting escalated into a full-scale war.
- Her fear was escalating into panic.
- The fighting on the border is escalating.
- to become higher or increase, or to make something do this
- The costs were escalating alarmingly.
- policies that escalate their own costs
- escalating crime
- His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed.
- The row could escalate into full-blown conflict.
- The decision to escalate UN involvement has been made in the hopes of a swift end to the hostilities.
- The escalating rate of inflation will almost certainly bring escalating prices.
prominent
چشمگیر، برجسته، بارز،
خوشنام، نیکنام، بلند آوازه، مشهور
-very well known and important
- a prominent member of the Law Society.
- the children of very prominent or successful parents.
- Here the window plays a prominent part in the design.
- Romania’s most prominent independent newspaper.
- a prominent Russian scientist
- Her eyes are her most prominent feature.
- a prominent citizen.
- something that is prominent is large and sticks out
- a prominent nose
-something that is in a prominent place is easily seen
prominent place/position
*The statue was in a prominent position outside the railway station.
*Housing occupies a prominent place in these debates.
*The cars were painted khaki with the red cross in a prominent position.
*Wexford found the lead, obligingly left by Sheila in a prominent position on top of the refrigerator.
enthusiastic
(adjective)
شورمند، پر ذوق، پر اشتیاق، پر شور
-feeling or showing a lot of interest and excitement about something
- All the staff are enthusiastic about the project.
- The singer got an enthusiastic reception.
- an enthusiastic supporter of reform
enthusiasm
(noun)
شور و شوق
- One of the good things about teaching young children is their enthusiasm.
- After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport.
- I just can’t work up (= start to feel) any enthusiasm for the whole project.
- We went along to the local diving club, full of enthusiasm.
- They go about their tasks with little enthusiasm.
- Employers showed little enthusiasm for the new regulations.
- He shares your enthusiasm for jazz.
unprecedented
بی سابقه
- This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale.
- She took the unprecedented step of revealing the truth about the situation.
- an event that is unprecedented in recent history
astounding
astound=مبهوت کردن، بهت زده کردن، مات و متحیر کردن، هاج و واج کردن
-(adjective)
very surprising or shocking
- an astounding fact/decision/revelation
- an astounding (= very great) victory/achievement/success
- The concert was an astounding success.
reception
پذیرش، قبولی، استقبال
*The astounding reception helped to build a sense of anticipation
fierce
درنده، سبع، دد منش
شدید، لگام گسیخته
=Intense
- a fierce attack/battle
- Two men were shot during fierce fighting last weekend.
- Fierce winds prevented the race from taking place.
- fierce thunderstorms
- The city had been under fierce attack.
skepticism
تردید- شک
شک اندیشی، دیرباوری
*Many politicians and media critics confuse cynicism with skepticism.
sarcasm
طعنه، کنایه،
- “You have been working hard,” he said with heavy sarcasm, as he looked at the empty page.
- ‘Good of you to arrive on time, ’ George said, with heavy sarcasm (=very clear sarcasm).
- There was just a touch of sarcasm in her voice.
- He resorts to sarcasm when he senses he’s losing an argument.
- hint/trace/edge/touch of sarcasm
- Roberts said with just a tiny edge of sarcasm.
- A touch of sarcasm, perhaps?
reveal
آشکار کردن ، افشا کردن، بروز دادن، لودادن
- He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.
- Her biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought.
- The committee pressed him to reveal more information.
- He revealed that he had been in prison twice before.
impression
اثر گذاری
برداشت
نقش، اثر،
فکر، تصور
*I didn’t get much of an impression of the place because it was dark when we drove through it.
*What was your impression of Charlotte’s husband?
*When I first met him I got/had the impression that he was a shy sort of person.
*When we looked around the school we got a very good impression.
* I got the impression that she wasn’t very happy with her job.
*What was your impression of Roger?
*Jean does a great impression of Madonna.
convince
متقاعد کردن، مجاب کردن، قانع کردن
- He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
- It’s useless trying to convince her (that) she doesn’t need to lose any weight.
- I hope this will convince you to change your mind.
- Her arguments didn’t convince everyone, but changes were made.
literally
به‌طور تحت الفظی، واژه به واژه، موبه‌مو،
واقعا، به راستی
(عامیانه) تقریبا
-using the real or original meaning of a word or phrase
- They were responsible for literally millions of deaths.
- We live literally just round the corner from her.
- I said I felt like quitting, but I didn’t mean it literally (=I did not mean exactly what I said)!
-informal used to emphasize what you are saying: *He missed that kick literally by miles. *I was literally bowled over by the news. *Dad was literally blazing with anger.
-informal
simply or just:
*Then you literally cut the sausage down the middle.
go through
با دقت انجام دادن، دقیقا مرور کردن
- تحمل کردن
دوران بدی را گذراندن
- go through something to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, feeling etc
- When you’re going through a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone.
- He’s going through a divorce at the moment.
- It is devastating for a parent to watch a child go through misery.
stay tuned
to keep watching a television show or listening to a radio broadcast
