Week8

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

process(learning , imprinting)
store
retrieve information

Question 2

Hebb (1949):

Answer 2

Short-term memory
Long-term memory

Question 3

Baddeley & Hitch

Answer 3

working memory
Refers to the way we store information while
working on it

Question 4

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 4

thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1)
Alcoholics/anorexia
Confabulation

Question 5

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Answer 5

Gradual increase in memory loss, confusion,
depression, restlessness, insomnia, and reduced
appetite
Patients with Down syndrome often develop AD by
middle age
Reduced
alertness

Question 6

Causes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

Answer 6

Accumulation of amyloid-β in early onset AD.
o Damages axons and dendrites
o Reduces synaptic input
o Reduces plasticity

Question 7

Neuronal degeneration

Answer 7

Damaged dendrites and axons cluster together in plaques

Question 8

Cascade hypothesis

Answer 8

Large amounts of amyloid-β cause changes
in tau proteins, which then cannot bind to usual targets,
ultimately leading to tau buildup and tangles

Question 9

Case H.M.

Answer 9

Underwent bilateral medial
temporal lobe resections

Question 10

Hippocampus

Answer 10

1. Delayed matching-to-sample task
2. Delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks

Question 11

Hippocampal functions

Answer 11

+Recent memories with a lot of contextual detail
+Navigation and spatial orientation
-Older memories with less contextual details are more
dependent on the cerebral
cortex

Question 12

Spatial memory

Answer 12

Hippocampus
* Place cells: That respond to a certain location
or when a route is planned
* Time cells: Coding for orientation in time

Entorhinal cortex
* Grid cells: Coding for a location in a hexagonal
grid

Question 13

Weather prediction task depends on ?

Answer 13

This type of gradual, probabilistic learning depends
on the basal ganglia ( even if you do not remember the stragedy you get better.)

Question 14

Hebbian synapse

Answer 14

increases in effectiveness because of
simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
* Such synapses may be critical for many kinds of associative learning

Question 15

Long-term potentiation

Answer 15

occurs when one or more axons
bombard a dendrite with stimulation, and leaves the synapse
“potentiated” for a period of time making the neuron more
responsive

Question 16

Long-term potentiation (LTP) types

Answer 16

o Specificity: only synapses onto a cell that have been highly active become strengthened
o **Cooperativity: **simultaneous stimulation via two or more axons produces LTP much more strongly than does repeated stimulation by a single axon
o Associativity: pairing a weak input with a strong input
enhances later responses to a weak input

Question 17

Long-term depression (LTD)

Answer 17

A prolonged reduction in responsivity at a synapse,
that occurs when certain axons have ben less active
than others
* Compensatory process: as one synapse strengthens,
another weakens
* Else we would keep on using more energy for every
new thing that we learn!

Question 18

IQ mainly correlates with?

Answer 18

grey matter surface

Question 19

Lateralization

Answer 19

o The corpus callosum
o The anterior commissure
o The hippocampal commissure
o A few other small commissures

Question 20

Treating epilepsy

Answer 20

Resection of regions with epileptic activity
cutting the corpus callosum

Question 21

Split-brain patients

Answer 21

Maintain normal intellect and motivation
* Still able to walk and talk
* Have a new acquired ability to use the hands independently
in a way others find difficult

Question 22

William’s syndrome

Answer 22

intellectual disability, but a skillful use of language
Deletion of several genes from chromosome 7
* Leads to decreased gray matter, especially in visual
processing areas

Question 23

Inattentional blindness

Answer 23

hizli degisen resimlerdeki farki anlayamama

Question 24

Spatial neglect

Answer 24

Tendency to ignore the left side of the body and
its surroundings or the left side of objects
* Often associated with damage to the right
hemisphere of the brain
* Effects are most pronounced after a stroke
Problems of neglect are associated with attention
and not sensation(goruyorlar ama cizemiyorlar)

Question 25

LTP in hippocampal neurons occurs as follows

Answer 25

• Repeated glutamate excitation of AMPA receptors depolarizes the
  membrane.
• The depolarization removes magnesium ions that were blocking NMDA receptors.
• Glutamate can then excite the NMDA receptors, opening a channel for
  calcium ions to enter the neuron.

Question 26

How do AMPA and NMDA synapses differ

Answer 26

They respond differently to certain drugs.