Week7 Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

The cerebellum plays an important role in ____, while the basal ganglia play an important role in ____ .

A

timing; voluntary movements

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1
Q

Early symptoms of Huntington’s disease usually include

A

Jerky arm movements and body tremors

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2
Q

Proprioceptive system

A

Body awareness; location of your
body in space

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3
Q

Movement Hierarchy

A

Reflexes
Automated movements
Voluntary movements

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4
Q

Reflexes

A

triggered by a sesnory stimulus
little voluntary control, can be modulated
eye blink

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5
Q

Automated movements

A

Postural: combination of reflex and volition used to
maintain an upright position with respect to gravity;
e.g., vestibulospinal reflexes
** Rhythmic**: initiation and termination is voluntary,
but the actual movement is more stereotyped; e.g.,
walking, running, chewing

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6
Q

Voluntary movements

A
  • CNS responsible
  • improves by practice
  • reflex and postural movements compensate for the
    effects of the intended action
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7
Q

Muscle Structure

A

attached at origin and insertion

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8
Q

Muscles Fibers and Axons

A
  • Each muscle fiber receives information from only one axon; but a single axon may innervate many muscle fibers
  • A neuromuscular junction is a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber
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9
Q

Acetylcholine

A

always excites skeletal muscles to contract (no relax cue)

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10
Q

slow twitch

A

red
aerobic
Nonstrenuous activities

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11
Q

Proprioceptors

A

receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body

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12
Q

Muscle spindles(Proprioceptors)

A

Proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that respond to a stretch: cause a contraction of the muscle
* A stretch reflex occurs when muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to contract it

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13
Q

Golgi tendon organ
(Proprioceptors)

A
  • responds to increases in muscle tension
  • Located in the tendons at the opposite ends of the muscle
  • Acts as a “brake” against excessively vigorous contraction by sending an impulse to the spinal cord where motor neurons are inhibited
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14
Q

The primary motor cortex (M1)

A
  • Muscle control
  • intention of a movement
  • opposite side of the body(mostly)
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15
Q

Posterior parietal cortex;

A

position of the body
Damage to this area causes difficulty in coordinating visual stimuli with movement
- Important for planning movement

16
Q

Premotor cortex

A
  • preperation for movement
  • Receives information about a target
  • Integrates information about position and posture of the body;organizes the direction of the movement in space
17
Q
  • Supplementary motor cortex
A

Organizes rapid sequence of movements in a specific order; inhibitory if
necessary
- Active seconds before the movement - Active following an error in movement so you can inhibit the incorrect
movement the next time

18
Q

PFC

A

Active during a delay before movement
- Stores sensory information relative to a movement
- Necessary for you to consider the probable outcomes
of a movement
not directly connected to the spinal cord

19
Q

Antisaccade task

A

inhibit a saccade, a voluntary eye movement from one target to another
pfc and basal ganglia before seeing the moving stimulus
matures through adolescensce

20
Q

From the Brain to the Spinal Cord

A
  • Messages from the brain must reach the medulla
    and spinal cord to control the muscles
  • Corticospinal tracts are paths from the cerebral
    cortex to the spinal cord
21
Q

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

A

axons from PMC,red nucleus to the spinal cord
- Controls movement in peripheral
areas (hands and feet)
- Red nucleus: a midbrain area with
output mainly to the arm muscles
* Axons extend from one side of the
brain to the opposite side of the
spinal cord, and control opposite
side of the body

22
Q

Medial Corticospinal Tract

A

Reticular formation, midbrain tectum, and vestibular nucleus
* Vestibular nucleus is a brain area that receives information from the vestibular system
* The medial tract controls the muscles of the neck, shoulders,
and trunk - Responsible for bilateral movements like walking, turning, bending, standing up, and sitting down

23
Q

The Cerebellum

A

balance-coordination
damage causes trouble in rapid movements(aim/timing)
clapping,speaking,writing
responds to unexpected sensory stimulus
attention(shifting it)

24
Purkinje Cells
Purkinje cells: flat parallel cells in sequential planes Parallel fibers excite Purkinje cells purkinje cells send inhibitory measseges to nuclei of the cerebellum then sent to midbrain and the thalamus.
25
The Basal Ganglia (IN-IN) (direct- excitatory)
- Caudate nucleus-Putamen( receive input from cerebral c. and send to globus pallidus. - Globus pallidus(connects to thalamus for pmc and pfc * learning motor skills, organizing sequences of movement, “automatic” behaviors, and new habits driving a car, playing the piano, sports
26
Parkinson’s Disease (Damaged mitochondria)
* muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movements, masked face, posture/gait issues * difficulty in initiating spontaneous movement in the absence of stimuli to guide the action
27
Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4)
* neurodegenerativea * dominant genetic mutation * toxic to thecaudate and putamen * kaput basal ganglia * chorea Overstimulation of the motor drive (opposite to PD!)