Week6

Question 1

lens

Answer 1

It is focused by the lens

Question 2

Light road

Answer 2

Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the
iris called the pupil
It is focused by the lens (adjustable)
cornea (not adjustable)
projected onto the retina

Question 3

The Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 3

brain has a mechanism that perceives color on a continuum from red
to green
cell fatigue makes this possible
afterimages depend on
the whole context, not just the light on individual receptors

Question 4

The Retinex Theory

Answer 4

color constancy

Question 5

Most of the optic nerve goes to

Answer 5

the lateral
geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Question 6

Part of the visual input goes to theSuperior
colliculus

Answer 6

Superior
colliculus

Question 7

Retina’s way of sharpening contrasts to emphasize the borders of objects?

Answer 7

Lateral inhibition(cones)
light striking the rods and cones decreases
their spontaneous output, and the receptors make inhibitory synapses onto the bipolar cells. light on the
rods or cones decreases their inhibitory output.

Question 8

aphantasia

Answer 8

no visual imagery

Question 9

blindsight

Answer 9

the ability to respond to visual information without perceiving it consciously.

Question 10

Magnocellular cells are specialized to respond to wha

Answer 10

Movement

Question 11

How do complex cells in the visual cortex differ from
simple cells?

Answer 11

Complex cells make the same response after a stimulus moves

Question 12

inferior temporal cortex

Answer 12

recognize familiar objects

Question 13

Visual agnosia

Answer 13

damage to the ventral pathway

Question 14

fusiform gyrus

Answer 14

Part of the parahippocampal cortex (next to the hippocampus) responds mostly to the sight of places.

Question 15

prosopagnosia

Answer 15

impaired ability to recognize faces.
damage to the right fusiform gyrus
or fewer connections between it and the occipital cortex.

Question 16

sound perception road

Answer 16

When sound waves strike the tympanic membrane in (a), they vibrate three tiny bones—the hammer, anvil, and stirrup—that convert the sound
waves into stronger vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea (b). Those vibrations displace the hair cells along the basilar membrane in the cochlea.
(c) A cross-section through the cochlea. (d) A close-up of the hair cells.

Question 17

High-frequency sounds excite hair cells near the base. Low-frequency
sounds excite cells near the apex

Question 18

conductive deafness or middle-ear deafness,

Answer 18

corrected by surgery
or hearing aids. Because people with conductive deafness
have a normal cochlea and auditory nerve, they readily
hear their own voices, conducted through the bones of the
skull directly to the cochlea, bypassing the middle ear

Question 19

Nerve deafness, or inner-ear deafness

Answer 19

results from
damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve.

Question 20

localizing

Answer 20

Humans localize high-frequency sounds according to
differences in loudness between the ears. We localize
low-frequency sounds by differences in phase

Question 21

Which structure enables us to localize sounds in the updown axis?

Answer 21

The pinna

Question 22

Eardrum

Answer 22

vibrates with air pressure waves

Question 23

Middle ear ossicles

Answer 23

transmit vibration to oval window
(hammer, anvil , stirrup)

Question 24

Cochlea

Answer 24

where specific
frequencies are encoded - Basilar membrane with hair cells (cilia)

Question 25

Auditory nerve

Answer 25

encodes stimulus
aspects and relays this to primary
auditory cortex

Question 26

Auditory pathway

Answer 26

cochlea
Cochlear nucleus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus
primary auditory cortex in superiortemporal lobe

Question 27

Multiple crossing places

• sound
  from each ear is processed in each
  hemisphere - Irrespective of sound location

Question 28

vestibular organ

Answer 28

Wrapped around cochlea
Three semicircular canals filled with hair cells and fluid
Signal is processed in brain stem

Question 29

Taste

Answer 29

Receptors are taste buds on the papilla of the tongue
Large individual differences in sensitivity, partly
accounted for by genetic factors and hormones

Question 30

Smell

Answer 30

Receptors are inside the nose, based on airborne substances
influenced by hormones