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A&P 2 (AC) > Week Two: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week Two: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Outer layer of the heart
Protects the heart
Loosely attaches the heart to the diaphragm (at base of the heart)

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2
Q

When is there positive and negative pressure on the heart?

A

Positive: exhaling
Negative: inhaling

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3
Q

What are the layers of the inner serous pericardium?

A

Parietal and visceral

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4
Q

What is the parietal layer of the pericardium?

A

Directly adjacent to fibrous pericardium (on the outside)

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5
Q

What is the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

Deep to fibrous pericardium, also known as epicardium

Directly on the heart

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6
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thickest layer of heart tissue, located inside the sac formed by the pericardium

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7
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Membranous lining between myocardium and chambers of the heart, lines vessels and chamber

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8
Q

What do veins do?

A

Collect deoxygenated blood from the tissues and RETURNS blood to the heart

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9
Q

Where does the vena cavea empty to?

A

Right atrium

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10
Q

Blood passes through the ___________ into right ventricle of the heart

A

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

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11
Q

During _______, right ventricle constricts and tricuspid valve closes

A

Systole

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12
Q

Blood is ejected from the right ventricle through the _______ into the pulmonary arteries

A

Pulmonary valve

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13
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Take oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

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14
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of heart chamber

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15
Q

The right side of the heart is always what? (Oxygenated or deoxygenated)

A

Deoxygenated

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16
Q

The left side of the heart is always what?

Oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

Oxygenated

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17
Q

From the pulmonary arteries, blood passes through branching vessels to the pulmonary capillaries of the alveoli, where __________ takes place

A

Oxygen exchange

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18
Q

Where do pulmonary veins take blood to?

Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

Left atrium

Oxygenated

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19
Q

Where does the blood flow after it goes from the left atrium through left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve)

A

Left ventricle

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20
Q

During systole,mitral valve ________, left ventricle ______, and blood enters ______ and aorta through aortic valve

A

snaps shut, contracts, coronary arteries

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21
Q

Describe what happens when blood travels through arterial branches (from aorta) to tissue capillaries

A

Oxygen and nutrient exchange occur, deoxygenated blood travels back to the heart

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22
Q

What are auricles?

A

Largest and most visible parts of the atria (these are little sacs on side of heart)

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23
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

Long and narrow, thick walled, terminates at apex of heart (thickest muscle of heart)

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24
Q

What is an apex?

A

Pointy/ most ventral part of heart

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25
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

Broader surface area; wraps around left ventricle (more flabby to touch)

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26
Q

What are the borders of ventricles separated by?

A

Interventricular sulci

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27
Q

What does the interventricular sulci contain?

A

Fat and blood vessels that are part of the coronary circulation of the heart

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28
Q

Where do the cranial and caudal vena cavae join?

A

Coronary sinus (common vena cavae or coronary junction), this collects blood from coronary circulation

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29
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk?

A

Where the pulmonary artery emerges from the right ventricle
Quickly divides into left and right pulmonary arteries traveling to each lung
(larger than the vena cavae)

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30
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

Aorta

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31
Q

The walls of the aorta are the _______ of any blood vessel

A

Thickest

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32
Q

What is the aortic arch?

A

Where the aorta emerges from the left ventricle

33
Q

What is the atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

A
  • Has three flaps
  • Flaps originate from fibrous ring of the valve
  • Increased blood pressure in the atrium during contraction forces flap to open
  • One way valve
34
Q

Where does the chordae tendinae connect to?

A

Papillary muscles

35
Q

Where do papillary muscles attach to?

A

Interventricular septum (separates right and left ventricles)

36
Q

What is the moderator band?

A

Tissue present in the right ventricle; originates at interventricular septum

  • Not attached to flaps of tricuspid valve
  • Provides additional structural support to the wall of the right ventricle
37
Q

Explain the left atrioventricular valve(mitral valve) (bicuspid valve)

A
  • Has two flaps
  • Outer edges of flaps attached to the fibrous ring, inner edges attached to papillary muscles by chordae tendinae
  • No moderator band in left ventricle
38
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonic valves, three flaps attached at their outer edges to a fibrous ring

39
Q

What is a systole?

A

Heart muscle contracts, blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles then from the ventricles to the arteries
(Peak blood pressure)

40
Q

What is diastole?

A

Heart relaxes and refills with blood to be ejected during the next systolic contraction
(Lowest blood pressure)

41
Q

What is the sinoatrial node? (SA node)

A

Natural pace maker (makes heart beat), occurs in right atrium

42
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Process of generating electrical impulse from the SA node
Results from movement of cations (Na, K, Ca) into SA node cells
Systole

43
Q

What is polarization?

A

Cations are pumped out of the cell
Results in the outside of the cell having a more positive charge than the inside of the cell
Diastole

44
Q

What does an ECG/EKG do?

A

Measures waves of electrical activity

45
Q

What are the Bundle of His?

A

Fibers in the ventricles

Electrical impulses travel down the interventricular septum to the bottom of the ventricles

46
Q

What do purkinje fibers do?

A

Carry impulses from the Bundle of His up into the ventricular myocardium

47
Q

Atria begin diastole while the ventricles are still….

A

Contracting

48
Q

The fetus receives oxygen from the mother through the what?

A

Placenta

49
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Blocks blood flow from lungs, connects both atriums

Most of the blood from the right atrium flows directly into the left atrium through this

50
Q

What is the ductus arteriousus?

A

Blood from the pulmonary artery flows into the lungs or through this directly into the aorta, but bypasses the lungs

51
Q

What is “lub”

A

S1

  • Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valves) at the beginning of ventricular systole
  • Mitral valve is loudest on the left side of the chest
  • Tricuspid valve is best heard on the right
52
Q

What is “dub”

A

S2

  • Closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole
  • Easiest to hear on the left side of the chest
53
Q

What is different about large animals heart beats?

A

Sometime have S3 (rapid ventricular filling) and S4 (contraction of the atria)

Sounds like lub-dub-dub or lub-da-dub (gallop rhythm)

54
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood that leaves the heart

Depends on stroke volume and heart rate

55
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected with each cardiac contraction

56
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Frequency of heart contractions

57
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO (Cardiac Output)=SV (Stroke Volume)X HR (Heart rate)

58
Q

What increases cardiac output?

A

Vigorous exercise results in increased contractility, increased stroke volume, and increased heart rate (anything that increases heart rate like drugs, atropine, anger, ect.)

59
Q

What is Starling’s Law

A

Increasedfilling of the heart results in increased force of cardiac contraction and increased stroke volume (over fill chamber, increase contractions, better stroke volume)

60
Q

What is reduced blood pressure?

A

Less pressure to fill the heart, decreased stroke volume (less stretchy, less volume out)
Heart rate increases to compensate for decreased stroke volume

61
Q

What is the “fight or flight” response?

A

Sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine; stroke volume and heart rate increase (increased cardiac output)

62
Q

What is general anesthesia?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine; stroke volume and heart rate decrease (decreases cardiac output)

63
Q

What is an electrocardiograph?

A

Instrument with graph paper that moves under a stylus

64
Q

What is the P wave?

A

Depolarization of the atria

65
Q

What is QRS complex?

A

Waves created by ventricular depolarization

66
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Repolarization of the ventricles

67
Q

Blood in the systemic circulation is under _______ higher pressure than blood in the pulmonary or coronary circulation

A

Higher

68
Q

What are subclavian arteries?

A

Branch off the aorta and travel toward the thoracic limbs?

69
Q

What are carotid arteries?

A

Branch off one or both subclavian arteries
Go straight to brain and kills the animal if you inject here
Directly under the jugular

70
Q

What are the three important arteries that branch off the aorta?

A

Renal, ovarian, and testicular

71
Q

Main trunk of the aorta splits at the hind limbs into the what?

A

Iliac arteries

72
Q

Where do coccygeal arteries emerge?

A

Caudal aorta

73
Q

Where is oxygen exchanged?

A

Through capillaries

74
Q

Venous blood is under _______ pressure than arterial blood

A

Lower

75
Q

Veins have _______ walls than arteries

A

Thinner

76
Q

What is the cephalic vein?

A

Most common for dogs and cats

Craniomedial aspect of forelimb

77
Q

What is the femoral vein?

A

Medial aspect of hind limb

Most techs like this for cats

78
Q

What is the saphenous?

A

Lateral aspect of hind limb

Tibia/fibula region in dogs

79
Q

What is the vein usually referred to as the milk vein?

A

Caudal epigastric vein

A&P 2 (AC) (7 decks)

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