Week One: Blood, Lymph, And Immunity Flashcards
What does blood transport?
Oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and hormones
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation, regulation, and defense system
What does blood regulate?
Body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood pH
Plasma is ______ to _______ of a blood sample volume, depending on the species of the animal and the size of its red blood cells
45 to 78%
_________ carry oxygen (type of cell)
Erythrocytes
_______ help prevent leaks from damaged blood vessels
Thrombocytes
What is the definition of hematopoiesis?
Production of all blood cells
Where do fetal and neonatal hematopoiesis occur?
Fetal: liver and spleen
Neonatal: red bone marrow
What is the definition of erythropoiesis?
Production of red blood cells
What is erythropoietin?
Hormone released from cells in kidney in response to hypoxia
Triggers stem cell to divide and differentiate
What are some characteristics of red blood cells?
65% water
35% solids
Round, a nuclear biconcave disks
Uses plasma glucose for energy
What is heme?
Pigment portion of hemoglobin, produced in mitochondria, contains iron atoms
Every heme group can carry one molecule of what?
Oxygen
Four heme groups attach to each what?
Globin molecule
What is globin?
Protein portion of hemoglobin
Produced by ribosomes
Where is fetal hemoglobin found?
Fetal blood during mid to late gestation and up to a couple months after birth
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Hemoglobin that has released its oxygen
What is the red blood cell life span in a dog?
110 days
What is the red blood cell life span in a cat?
68 days
What is the red blood cell life span in horses and sheep?
150 days
What is the red blood cell life span in cows?
160 days
What is the red blood cell life span in mice?
20-30 days
What is senescence?
Process of aging
What happens in extravascular hemolysis?
- Macrophages remove senescent RBCs from circulation
- RBCs broken down into components that can be recycled in the body or eliminated as waste materials
- Iron is transported to the red bone marrow
- Amino acids from globin molecules are transported to the liver for re-use
Excess unconjugated hemoglobin in the plasma is eliminated in…
Urine
Anemia results in ________ O2 carrying capacity of the blood
Decreased
What causes anemia?
- Low number of circulating mature red blood cells (blood loss, increased RBC destruction, decreased RBC production)
- Insufficient hemoglobin production
What is polycythemia?
Increase in number of RBCs
What is relative polycythemia?
Hemoconcentration due to fluid loss (e.g. vomiting, diarrhea)
What is compensatory polycythemia?
Result of hypoxia (e.g. high altitudes, congestive heart failure)
What is polycythemia rubra vera?
Rare bone marrow disorder, unknown cause
What is thrombopoiesis?
Production of platelets
Megakaryocyte undergoes __________ mitosis during maturation
Incomplete
Granules contain…
Clotting factors and calcium
Platelets remain in peripheral blood until…
They are removed by tissue macrophages because of old age or damage
What are platelet functions?
- Maintain vascular integrity
- Formation of platelet plug
- Stabilize the homostatic plug
What classifies white blood cells?
- Functions
- Presence or absence of granules
- Nuclear shape
Where does leucopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
What is granulopoiesis?
Production of the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What is diapedesis?
Process used by neutrophils to go from circulation into tissue spaces
What is chemotaxis?
Process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at a site of infection
What do neutrophils do?
Engulf materials
What is hydrogen peroxide?
Produced by neutrophils during oxygen metabolism
What is myeloperoxidase?
- Released from neutrophil granules
- Enhances the bactericidal actionof hydrogen peroxide
- Capable of destroying the cell walls of microorganisms
What is the circulating pool of neutrophils?
Within lumen of blood vessels
What is the marginal pool or neutrophils?
Line the walls of small blood vessels mainly in the spleen, lungs, and abdominal organs
What are some characteristics of eosinophil?
- Red granules in the cytoplasm of mature cells
- 0-5% of the total white blood cell count
- Produced in bone marrow from the same pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to all other blood cells
What is a segmented nucleus?
Has two lobes, eosinophil has a segmented nucleus
What does eosinophil look like in dogs?
Round granules of varying sizes; pale staining
What does eosinophil look like in cats?
Numerous small, rod-shaped granules
What does eosinophil look like in horses?
Very large, round or oval-shaped granules; stain intensely
What does eosinophil look like cattle, sheep, and pigs?
Round, small granules; stain pink to red
