Week Ten Flashcards
language and memory
false memories can be created based solely upon how someone has described the scene to you.
photolinguistics
- the study of how we speak and use language
- the relationship between linguistic behaviour and the psychological processes thought to underlie it.
perception of speech
- reliance on the perceptual system. Sounds and sound sequences can be analysed without knowing what they mean.
phonology
study of the principles that govern the organisation of sounds in a language and how sounds vary
phenomes
minium unit of sounds that conveys meaning in a particular language (difference between r and L etc.).
Problems in decoding speech sounds
- speech is not discrete and things can flow into each other.
phonetic segments are not invariant. - pronounciations might differ.
- speech is not always clear but we can selectively attend and meaning plays a role.
phonemic restoration effect
(Warren & Warren)
played sentences to participants where some examples replaced a word with the cough and other sentences where the word was ommitted. Found that people were generally able to identify the word better when replaced with the cough than they could when it was simply incomplete. Thought to be because the rest of the sentence allows us to fill in the blanks.
how meaning is conveyed
- syntax
- prosody
- rules of conversation
- shared world knowledge
- non-verbal cues.
pragmatics
the use of language in everyday life and the way in which it is used.
syntax
syntax appears to be acquired implicity.
relates to the rules of the language, rules that dictate how words should be arranged to convey relationships within sentences.
semantics
word meaning
- is a strong cue to syntax and interpretation of sentences.
Rober & Allen
presented 20 combinations of letters combined according to pre-specified rules. Often, students were able to identify the sequences due to how they were complied through the use of the specified rules.
Chomsky, 1957
claimed that syntax and semantics relate at a surface level and a deeper structure.
surface structure: grammatical structure of the sentence (concrete).
deep structure: underlying meaning of a sentence (abstract).
transformational rules: rules showing relationships between sentences with the same meaning but different surface structures.
slips of the tongue
fromkin.
insights into the mechanisms f speech planning.
while we generally dont know what were going to say next, when we plan we can often have a slip of the tongue.
allows insights into mechanisms of speech planning.
aphasia
Broca’s patient ‘tan’.
- t was unable to produce full sentences.
- poor comprehensions of written and spoken language.
- production is superficially okay but the sentence is meaningless.
- patients with aphasia can produce grammatical structures but their words have no meaning.