Week One Flashcards
Asepsis
No disease causing microorganisms
Infection
an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their growth.
Infectious Agent
A microorganism that invades body tissues and grows (causes infection)
Disease
detectable alteration in normal tissue function
Pathogens
Cause disease of infection in a healthy individual
Blood Bourne Pathogen
Potential infectious organisms that are carried in and transmitted through blood or materials containing blood
Chain of Infection
Etiologic agent, reservoir, portal of exit from reservoir, method of transmission, portal of entry to the susceptible host, susceptible host
What is the best way to prevent infection/disease?
hand washing
Most common mode of transmission
hands
Types of microorganisms that cause infection
bacteria (most common, viruses, fungi, parasites
Virulence
Ability to cause disease
Common sources of microorganisms
other humans, client’s own micros, plants, animals, general environment
Common areas of the body that normally harbor microorganisms
respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, blood, tissue
Conditions that most micros require to live
food, oxygen, water, temperature, pH, light
Aerobic micros
require oxygen for survival
Anaerobic micros
thrive with little or no oxygen
What is transmission?
After a microorganism leaves its source or reservoir, it requires a means of transmission to reach another individual or host through a receptive portal of entry
Direct Transmission
immediate and direct transfer or microorganisms from individual to individual
Direct Transmission distance
anything within 3 feet
Indirect Transmission
Any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce and infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry
Fomites
inanimate materials or objects, water, food, blood, semen, plasma
Vector Borne
A vector is an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent
Airborne
droplets or dust
What is a portal of entry?
the means of a pathogen entering a host
What is a susceptible host?
Person who is at risk for infection. Compromised host is a person at increased risk, an individual who for one or more reason is more likely than others to acquire an infection
What are factors that make someone a susceptible host?
age, immune suppression treatment for cancer, chronic illness, following successful organ transplant, immune deficiency conditions
Medical Asepsis
clean technique, confines micros, limits number growth and transmission of micros, cleaning reduces the growth or micros but does not completely remove them
Clean
Object is absent of almost all micros
Dirty
Object is likely to have micros some of which are capable of causing infections
Surgical Asepsis
sterile technique, keep an area or object free of all micros, destroys all micros
Examples of surgical asepsis
urinary cath, sterile dressing changes, prep parenteral med
How long do you need to wash your hands for?
minimum 20 seconds
Antimicrobial Soap
known multiple resistant bacteria, before invasive procedures, special care units nurseries and ICU, before care for severely immunocompromised clients, C. Difficle must use this method
Alcohol based hand rub
before and after direct contact with clients
Bagging
articles contaminated with infective material must be placed in infectious waterproof waste containers
What types of material must be bagged and put in infectious waterproof waste container?
pus, blood, body fluids, feces, R secretions
Linen Handling
handle as little as possible, do not shake, bundle up clean side out dirty side in, hold away from self
Laboratory Specimen Handling
leakproof container w secure lid with biohazard label and placed inside a sealable plastic bag before sending them to the laboratory
Dishes Handling
Requires no special precautions
Disposable Needle Handling
needle, syringes, and sharps into puncture resistant container, do not recap dirty needle
Nosocomial Infection
infections that originate in the hospital
Healthcare associated infection
infections associated with healthcare delivery in any setting. The inability to determine with certainty where the pathogen is acquired since patients may be colonized with or exposed to potential pathogens outside of the healthcare setting, before receiving health care or may develop infections caused by those pathogens when exposed to the conditions
Antiseptics
inhibit the growth of micros
Disinfection
agents that destroy pathogens other than spores. Use of a chemical procedure that eliminates virtually all recognized pathogenic micros but not necessarily all micro forms on inanimate objects
Bacteriocidal
prep that destroys bacteria
Bacteriostatic
prevents growth and reproduction of some bacteria
High level disinfection
Disinfection that kills all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores, and if effected with a chemical germicide cleared for marketing as a sterilant by the US food and drug administration
Intermediate level disinfection
disinfection that kills mycrobacteria, most viruses and TB
Low Level Disinfection
disinfection that kills some viruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospital disinfectant
Factors considered when selecting disinfection and sterilization methods
type/number of infections, recommended concentration of the disinfectant and the duration of contact, presence of soap, presence of organic material, surface areas to be treated
Sterilization
Usually performed on equipment that is entering a sterile section of the body. Kills all micros including spores and viruses
Methods of sterilization
moist heat, gas, radiation, *boiling water (will not kill spores)
Factors that contribute to device or equipment contamination
saliva, blood, pus excretions
Non-critical
an item that contacts intact skin but not mucous membranes must be clean. requires low level disinfection (bed pans, BP cuffs, bed rails, linens, stethoscopes)
Semi Critical
an item that comes in contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin. These objects must be free of all micros except spores. high level disinfection (endoscopes, fitting rings, anesthesia equipment)
Critical Medical Device
critical instruments and medical device require sterilization. the item enters sterile tissue or the vascular system. these items present a high risk of infection if the items are contaminated with micros, especially bacterial spores (surgical instruments, cardiac caths, urinary caths)
Isolation
measures designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors
Communicable Disease
Infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection
Standard Precautions (Tier One)
Apply to all clients receiving care in hospitals, regardless of diagnosis or possible infection status. Apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, excretions, except sweat, non-intact (broken) skin, mucous membranes. Designed to reduce transmission of micros from recognized and unrecognized sources.
Transmission-based Precautions (Tier Two)
Used in addition to standard precautions for clients with known or suspected infections that are spread airborne, droplet, or contact
Airborne Precautions
clients known to or suspected of having serious illnesses transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns (measles, chickenpox, TB)
Droplet Precautions
clients known or suspected of serious illness transmitted by particle droplets larger that 5 microns (rubella, mumps, diphtheria, pertussis, pneumonia)
Contact Precautions
clients known or suspected to have serious illnesses easily transmitted by direct client contact or by contact with items in the client’s environment
Respiratory/Cough Etiquette
covering mouth and nose during coughing and sneezing, using tissues to contain R secretions with prompt disposal into a no-touch receptacle, offering a surgical mask to persons who are coughing to decrease contamination of the surrounding environment, turning head away from others and maintaining spatial separation, ideally > 3 feet
Standard Precautions
perform proper hand hygiene, wear clean gloves when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, and contaminated items, wear mask, eye protection or face shield if splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions are expected, place used needles into sharps containers and do not attempt to recap needles, one hand scoop
Protective Environment
specialized patient-care area that has a positive air flow relative to the corridor. no plants or flowers in these rooms
Percutaneous injury
handling, disassembling, disposing, and reprocessing of sharps
What are specific practices and setting which increase opportunity for exposure to health care workers and clients
percutaneous injury, direct contact with blood and body fluids: mucous membrane or exposure of non-intact skin, parenteral exposure
Engineering controls
equipment, devices, or instruments designed to remove or isolate hazards in the healthcare environment
Examples of engineering controls
needless IV therapy equip, handwashing facilities, TB isolation rooms with negative pressure systems, biohazard labels, puncture resistant containers for sharps
Work Practice Controls
reduce or eliminate the risk of exposure of healthcare worker to infection when performing a task or skill
Barriers
personal protective equipment
Occupational Exposure
A parenteral or mucous membrane exposure to blood or other body fluids or skin exposure to large amounts of blood or prolonged contact with blood
Reportable Oral Temp
38 or 100.4
auscultory gap
temporary disappearance of BP sounds, then the sound reappears at a lower level
Tachycardia
rapid P, >100 beats/minute at rest
Apnea
Complete Absence of R
“pnea”
breathing
“cardia”
heart
Client
can be referred to as patient
Definition of Nursing (MCC)
Applies knowledge of nursing science, natural and social sciences, and humanities
Purpose of Nursing
To help clients toward to goal of health, through the nursing process
Concept
An idea which represents essential elements that an object, person, or event has in common with other objects, persons, or events
Conceptual Framework
A set of concepts that provides a way to organize facts into some kind of meaningful whole; a structure which serves as a guideline for content to be included in the curriculum
What are the major concepts to the conceptual framework of the MCC department of nursing?
basic needs, nursing process, core components
What are basic human needs?
universal fundamenta needs to human beings which are essential to their physical and emotional survival
Maslows, low to high
physiological, safety & security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self actualization
Maslow Physiological
oxygen, fluids, nutrition, elimination, rest, comfort, activity, sleep, sex
Maslow Safety & Security
freedom from the hazards of chemical, physical, microbial, psychosocial, environmental, and economic injury
Maslow Love and Belonging
Expressions of affection and sexuality and the need to meaningful relationships with others
Maslow Self Esteem
To be well thought of by oneself as well as others
Maslow Self Actualization
An effort to fulfill one’s potential, to do in life with joy what one both wants and is suited to do
What is the purpose of the nursing process?
A systematic approach to the delivery of nursing services
Steps of nursing process
assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
Assessment
collection of data
Associate degree nursing practice core components
essential elements to the work of the entry level registered professional nurse
clinical decision making
clinical judgements formulated through the performance of accurate assessments, the use of multiple methods to access information, and the analysis and integration of knowledge and information
Collaboration
planning, decision making, problem solving by those who work together cooperatively
Communication
exchange of info verbally, non verbally, written
Managing Care
efficient, effective use of human, physical, financial, and technological resources to meet clinet needs and support organizational outcomes
Professional behaviors
calm, controlled, clear. behaviors within nursing practice characterized by a commitment to the profession of nursing
Teaching and Learning
promoting health and reduce risk.
Therapeutic Nursing Interventions
nursing behaviors and actions that implement the plan of care for a client to prevent illness, to maintain, improve and/or restore wellness
What is health
a dynamic state of well being in which the client functions at an optimal physical, mental, and social level
Holistic needs
involved the total person, the whole of the individual’s being and the overall quality of lifestyle.
Mission Statement of the MCC department of nursing
To prove high quality education to a diverse population of students and to assist them in achieving success in obtaining the knowledge and skills necessary to prepare graduates for New York State licensure and employment as Registered Professional Nurses in entry level positions. This education includes the tools necessary to be a life-long learner in a constantly changing healthcare environment.
Philosophies of nursing MCC
people are dynamic beings who continuously interact with their environment in unique ways, all people have basic needs which they strive to satisfy and toward which their behavior is directed, people’s ability to meet basic needs is affected by a variety of factors such as culture, age, health, finances, and environment, unmet basic needs may result in health problems, health problems may affect a person’s ability to meet basic needs, nursing is a profession which has evolved to assist people to meet basic needs, nursing is base on knowledge from nursing theory and nursing research, the natural and behavioral sciences and the humanities, the nursing process is a method allowing nurses to fulfill their roles uner NYS practice act to diagnose and treat human responses to actual and potential health problems, nursing care is directed toward promoting wellness, restoring optimal health, preventing illness, providing rehabilitation and supporting death with dignity, the graduate nurse demonstrates competence in professional behavior, communication, comprehensive assessment skills, effective clinical decision making, therapeutic nursing interventions, teach-learning processes, collaboration and management of care
Core Components MCC
assessment, clinical decision making, collaboration, communication, managing care, professional behaviors, teaching and learning, therapeutic nursing interventions
Capillary Action
The movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.
Common vehicle
movement of a disease/infectious agent through a means common to that disease (ex. pneumonia coughing)
HIV
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS. This virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact.
Pyrexia
fever
systolic pressure
the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
diastolic pressure
the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood.
What is reportable BP?
20 mm from a client’s usual BP range
