Week of July 27 Flashcards
List Kotter’s 8 steps process for leading change:
Step 1: Create a sense of Urgency
* Examine market and competitive realities * Identify and discuss crises, potential crises or major opportunities
Step 2: Developing the Guiding Coalition
* Assemble a group with enough power to lead the change effort * Encourage the group to work as a team
Step 3: Developing a Change Vision
* Create a vision to help direct the change effort * Develop strategies for achieving that vision
Step 4: Communicating the Vision Buy-in
* Use every vehicle possible to communicate the new vision and strategies * Teach new behaviors by the example of the Guiding Coalition
Step 5: Empowering Broad-based Action
* Remove obstacles to change * Change systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision * Encourage the risk-taking and nontraditional ideas, activities, and actions
Step 6: Generating Short-term Wins
* Plan for visible performance improvements * Create those improvements * Recognize and reward employees involved in the improvements
Step 7: Don’t Let Up
* Use increased credibility to change systems, structures and policies that don't fit the vision * Hire, promote, and develop employees who can implement the vision * Reinvigorate the process with new projects, themes, and change agents
Step 8: Make Change Stick
* Articulate the connections between the new behaviors and organizational success
• Develop the means to ensure leadership development and succession
You are asked to Chair a provincial working group to reassess Ontario’s Flu vaccine program.
a) What are the key tasks a Chair must do before, during and after a meeting?
Before Meeting (preparation)
- Define purpose of meeting and who is attending
- Create agenda and assign meeting roles
- Logistics (time, place, background)
During Meeting (facilitation)
- Ensure discussion is clear, concise and respectful
- Ensure start and end time are respected and meeting agenda met
- may review past minutes
Post Meeting (2 tasks Summary/ Delegation & evaluation and reporting)
- Summarize and communicate decisions made, action items, and deadlines
- Evaluate meeting
- Potentially report on meeting results to other organizations or levels within own organization
List 3 Protective Factors against suicide
- Socio-economic situation › Loving parent-child relationship › Having reasons for living › Social connectedness › Sense of belonging › Religion
Calculate the population attributable fraction of hypertension to heart disease.
prevalence of obesity = 25%
RR = 2
PAF = (prevalence of exposure)*(RR-1) / 1+numerator = (0.25)*(2-1) / 1+numerator = 0.25 / 1+0.25 = 0.25 / 1.25 = 0.2 = 20%
Three main elements of food security
- food utilization
- nutritional value
- social value
- food safety- food availability
- production
- distribution
- exchanges
- food access
- affordability
- allocation
- preference
- food availability
List 5 features of hazards that may lead to them being perceived as ‘risky’
Hazard perceived as “risky”
Coerced
Industrial
Exotic
Memorable
Dreaded
Catastrophic
Unknowable
Controlled by others
Unfair
Morally relevant
Untrustworthy sources
Unresponsive process
What are the 5 steps in the policy cycle
Agenda Setting
Policy Formation
Decision Making
Implementation
Evaluation
What are the steps in the emergency preparedness cycle
prevention/ mitigation - Includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an emergency happening, or reduce the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies.
preparedness - preparations made to save lives and to help response and rescue operations.
response - save lives and prevent further property damage in an emergency situation
recovery - includes actions taken to return to a normal or an even safer situation following an emergency.
What is the goal of emergency preparedness
reduce or avoid the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to damaged materials, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.
What are three reasons that protazoa could still be present in a water system that has suffered a contamination event (e.g. a water main break resulting in sewage entering the water supply).
- Protazoa are generally present in untreated sewage
2. Chlorine does not inactivate protozoa
You have received a report of a 12 year old boy with a 13mm TST and a history of BCG vaccination. What information is required to determine if this represents a latent TB infection?
- When was the BCG vaccine given?
- Has there been a known exposure to TB?
- Is the individual at elevated risk of TB (migrant from high incidence country), Canadian born indigenous or inuit
- what is the risk of disease progression (i.e. immune suppressed, HIV +ve)
If BCG is given in first year of life only 1% have a TST > 10mm 10 years later. A history of BCG vaccination can be ignored in all people 10+ if the TST is greater than 10mm
If BCG is given after first year of life 42% have false positive TSTS > 10 mm after 10 years.
What steroid daily dose equivalent would suppress TB reactivity and make a TST unreliable?
2-4 weeks of 15mg or greater of prednisone
You are interpreting the results of a case control study.
a) What are three advantages of a case control study?
b) What are three disadvantages?
a)
1) Allows you to examine multiple exposures (cohort studies can do this as well)
2) Good for looking at rare outcomes
3) Efficient studies in terms of time and cost
4) Good at looking at diseases with a long induction period (exposure to event takes a long time) as the event has occurred
b)
1) cannot calculate measures of incidence or prevalence
2) information on exposure can be subject to recall or observation bias
3) controls can be subject to selection bias
In the context of a case control study define recall bias related to exposure
The possibility that individuals in the case and control arms have the exact same exposure but might report exposures differently in a systematic way
You are interpreting the results of a case control study. The study reports and odds ratio of 1.9 Interpret this finding
It tells us how much higher the odds of exposure is among cases of a disease compared with controls.
Individuals with the disease had 1.9 times the odds of reporting the exposure of interest compared to individuals without the disease
