Communicable Disease Flashcards
What are the 3 types of evidence needed in a foodborne outbreak investigation? Briefly describe each.
- Epidemiological evidence- geographic/temporal distribution, demographics of cases, exposure info 2. Lab evidence- food and environmental sample testing, subtyping 3. Food safety- inspection of the implicated facility, traceback/traceforward
Define contact tracing. What is the purpose of contact tracing?
Contact tracing is the process of identifying relevant contacts of a person with an infectious disease. It is a method of case finding. The purpose is to: - identify symptomatic contacts asap - decrease risk of further transmission - facilitate diagnosis and treatment.
Define basic reproductive number
The number of cases one case generates over the period of infectiousness, in an otherwise uninfected population.
List the steps in an outbreak investigation in a long-term care home
- Assess and confirm the suspected outbreak, obtain line list 2. IPAC measures 3. Notify higher ups (MOH at PHU) 4. Assemble OMT 5. Hold OMT 6. Communicate results of lab tests 7. Monitor outbreak- daily surveillance for new cases, reporting of line lists, IPAC 8. Declare outbreak over (based on predetermined rules e.g., 2 incubation periods, 1 inc period + 1 POC) 9. Complete documentation
What are five recommendations for post exposure prophylaxis for an unimmunized patient with confirmed exposure to a bat?
-Clean and flush the wound thoroughly. -Rabies immunoglobulin at site of wound, 20 IU/kg, rest IM. -Rabies vaccine series at day 0, 3, 7, 14 (+day 28 if immunecompromised or on antimalarials). -Tetanus Ig + vaccine if needed. -Test the bat for rabies if available.
Describe an approach to investigation of an IPAC lapse
- Identify infection control breach 2. Additional data gathering 3. Notify and involve key stakeholders 4. Qualitative assessment of the breach 5. Decide on patient notification and testing- Category A= high risk; category B= lower risk 6. Communications and logistics
List four chronic diseases caused by infectious agents
Cervical Cancer - Human Papilloma Virus Gastric Cancer and Gastric Mucosal Lymphoma - Helicobacter Pylori Chronic liver disease (liver cirrhosis) - Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - chlamydia and gonnorhea
List four absolute contraindications to receiving a vaccination
Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis after previous dose of a vaccine Pregnancy - Live vaccination generally contraindicated. If indicated inactivated vaccines can be administered Breastfeeding -BCG, smallpox and yellow fever vaccines are generally contraindicated in breastfeeding women Prior history of intusseception - rotavirus vaccine contraindicated Active untreated TB: MMR, MMRV, univalent varicella, live herpes zoster, and BCG vaccines contraindicated Immune suppression (primary or acquired) - certain live vaccines are contraindicated
What are three institution or community specific interventions to reduce antimicrobial resistance
- Promote better prescribing patterns 2. Improve infection prevention and control practices 3. Conduct regular surveillance for prevalence and patterns of AMR
What are three categories of bioterrorism agents according to the US CDC and provide 3 examples from the highest risk category
Class A = High-priority agents include organisms that pose a risk to national security because - easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person; - result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact; - might cause public panic and social disruption - require special action for public health preparedness. Class A Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin) Plague (Yersinia pestis) Smallpox (variola major) Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Viral hemorrhagic fevers, including Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg) Class B - are moderately easy to disseminate; - result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates; and - require specific enhancements of CDC’s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance. Class C Emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of - availability; - ease of production and dissemination; and - potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact.
What two agencies are responsible for post marketing surveillance of vaccines and what roles do each one play?
Post-market surveillance is a shared responsibility between two federal government departments: Health Canada performs a regulatory oversight role for safety, quality and effectiveness of vaccines. Risk-based lot release program - vaccine manufacturers give sample of a lot to Health Canada who tests the product PHAC, in collaboration with public health authorities in the provinces and territories, monitors and reports on adverse events following immunization. - CAEFISS: includes active surveillance through impact and passive AEFI reports to public health units Active surveillance has been conducted since 1991 by IMPACT. IMPACT is funded by PHAC through a contract with the Canadian Paediatric Society. This contract currently includes 12 pediatric centres across Canada, representing over 90% of all pediatric tertiary care beds in the country.
4 measures to prevent congenital zika
- avoid travel to locations with active outbreak - women planning pregnancy should delay pregnancy x two months after returning from an endemic area - couples planning pregnancy where the male has travelled should delay pregnancy x three months after returning from an endemic area - mosquito repellant
What does CPS recommend as a population-based strategy to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum?
All pregnant women should be screened for N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis infections at the first prenatal visit. note: universal AbX eye ointment proph no longer recommended
You are giving advice to a family who will be traveling for an extended trip in Asia. What are 6 categories of topics that you will discuss regarding the prevention of disease.
Education about High Risk Activities e.g., safe sex Food and water Consumption and Precaution Pre-departure Immunization Prevention against vector borne illnesses Prophylactic medications (altitude sickness, malaria chemoprophylaxis) Travel Health kit Also Travel health Insurance (Not Prevention)
You are giving advice to a family who will be traveling for an extended trip in Asia. When determining the travel advice and preventive services that you would recommend; list four factors that you would want to know about the trip and four factors that you would want to know about the people travelling
Trip Factors - Country AND location(s) in country - Duration – length of time in country - Planned activities - Accommodations Person Factors - Pregnant - Demographics - Immunization record - Medical Conditions and Immune Suppression
