WEEK FOUR/FIVE: COGNITION

Question 1

What are three major perspectives on cognitive development?

Answer 1

Cognitive development theories
Sociocultural theories
Information processing theories

Question 2

What are reflexes?

Answer 2

determine the infants interactions with the world are strengthened and adapted

Question 3

What are primary circular reactions?

Answer 3

repeating an action that produced a chance event involving the infants body

Question 4

What are secondary circular reactions?

Answer 4

repeating an action that produce a chance event that triggers a response in the external environment

Question 5

What are coordination of secondary circular reaction?

Answer 5

beginning of intentional behaviour

Question 6

what are terry circular reactions?

Answer 6

repeating an action to explore the experiment to see the result and learn about the world (12-18 months)

Question 7

what is easy representational thought?

Answer 7

transition between senorimotor and preoperational reasoning stage

Question 8

what are violation of expectation tasks?

Answer 8

a method in which infants are shown events that appear to violate physical law

Question 9

what is deferred-imitation?

Answer 9

imitation the behaviour of an absent model

Question 10

what is core knowledge perspective?

Answer 10

infants are born with several innate knowledge systems of core domains of thought that enable early rapid learning and adaptation
Children’s ability to acquire languages

Question 11

what is assimilation?

Answer 11

the process by which new experience are interpreted and integrated into pre-existing schemas

Question 12

what is accommodation?

Answer 12

the process by which schemas are modified or created to include new experiences

Question 13

What is cognitive equilibrium?

Answer 13

a balance between the process of assimilation and accommodation

Question 14

what is disequilibrium?

Answer 14

leads to cognitive growth because of the mismatch between schemas and reality

Question 15

what is egocentrism?

Answer 15

children’s inability to take another’s persons POV
Assume the other person thinks and feels the same

Question 16

what is animism?

Answer 16

the belief that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings

Question 17

what is centration?

Answer 17

the tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus, situation or idea and exclude others, a characteristic of preoperational thought
ex: the cupcake size analogy

Question 18

what is irreversibility?

Answer 18

oung children have difficulty mentally reversing sequences
Ex: ice turn water or water turns into ice

Question 19

what is object identity?

Answer 19

understanding that certain characteristics of an object do not change despite superficial change in the objects appearance

Question 20

what is reversibility?

Answer 20

understanding that an object that has been physically altered can be returned to its original state

Question 21

what is classification?

Answer 21

the ability to organize things into groups based on characteristics

Question 22

what is seriation?

Answer 22

involves ordering objects in a series of physical dimensions like height weight and color

Question 23

what is transitive inference?

Answer 23

a classification in which a child can infer the relationship between two objects by understanding each others relationship to a third object

Question 24

what is class inclusion?

Answer 24

the concept that subordinate class must always be smaller than the superordinate class in which it is contained

Question 25

what is hypotheses-deductive reasoning?

Answer 25

the ability to consider proposition, probabilities, and generate and systematically test hypotheses

Question 26

what is adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 26

adolescents show preoccupation with themselves and have difficulty separating other perspectives from their own

Question 27

what is sensory memory?

Answer 27

triggered by the incoming information. The stimuli are stored briefly in their original form to enable processing. only briefly remembers something

Question 28

what is working memory?

Answer 28

(Short-term): holds and processes information

Question 29

what is central executive?

Answer 29

directs the flow of information and regulated cognitive activities

Question 30

what is Long-term memory?

Answer 30

an unlimited store that holds information indefinitely, until it is retrieved to manipulate working memory

Question 31

What is prerferential looking procedures?

Answer 31

assessing and comparing length of time infants look at two stimuli

Question 32

what is habituation procedure?

Answer 32

measuring the length of time it takes infants to habituate or show a reduction in looking time to unchanging stimuli
** central executive regulates cognitive activities related to executive functions= very important to working memory**

Question 33

what is theory of mind?

Answer 33

children’s awareness of their own and other peoples mental processes and realization that other people do not share their thoughts