Week 9- Systematics and Phylogeny

Question 1

A scientific field used to organize and classify
organisms based on evolutionary relationships.

Answer 1

Systematics

Question 2

By combining data/evidences from many sources,
scientists can put together the ____________ of an
organism.

Answer 2

Phylogeny

Question 3

Evidences for systematics, or creating phylogenies:

Answer 3

Morphological (Homologies)
Molecular (Homologies)

Question 4

Segregating Homologous and
Analogous Features

Answer 4

MORPHOLOGICAL (HOMOLOGIES):
Paleontology
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology

MOLECULAR (HOMOLOGY):
Molecular Genetics

Question 5

a biological classification system that involves the
categorization of organisms based on shared traits.

Answer 5

Cladistics

Question 6

Biologists attempt to place species into groups called _________, each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Answer 6

Clades

Question 7

3 Phyletic Grouping

Answer 7

Monophyletic
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic

Question 8

Consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendant

Answer 8

Monophyletic

Question 9

Consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendant but not all of them

Answer 9

Paraphyletic

Question 10

The common ancestor of its members is not part of the group (Latest Only)

Answer 10

Polyphyletic

Question 11

It is a diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. It is hypothetically used to
determine evolutionary past.

Answer 11

Phylogenetic Tree

Question 12

a scientifically classified group or entity : a taxonomic unit of any rank.

Answer 12

Taxon (Taxa)

Question 13

Biologists use phylogenetic trees for many purposes, including:

Answer 13

A) Testing Hypotheses about evolution
B) Learning about the characteristics of extinct species and ancestral lineages
C) Classifying Organisms

Question 14

Parts of a Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 14

Branch Point
Basal Taxa
Sister Taxa
Polytomy

Question 15

where a single lineage evolved into a distinct
one.

Answer 15

Branch Point

Question 16

A lineage that evolved early from the root and
remains unbranched

Answer 16

Basal Taxa

Question 17

When two lineages stem from the same branch
point.

Answer 17

Sister Taxa

Question 18

A branch with more than two lineages.

Answer 18

Polytomy

Question 19

Phylogenetic Tree is also know as __________________

Answer 19

Tree of Life

Question 20

Key points about phylogenetic trees

Answer 20

• It is intended to show patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity.
• The sequence of branching in a tree does not necessarily indicate the actual (absolute) ages of the particular species.
• We should not assume that a taxon on a phylogenetic tree evolved from the taxon next to it.

Question 21

the study of the general principles of scientific
classification. Same definition with ‘systematics’.

Answer 21

Taxonomy

Question 22

The taxonomic system was devised by ___________________.

Answer 22

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Question 23

It is a hierarchical system since organisms are grouped into ever more inclusive categories from species up to kingdom.

Answer 23

Taxonomic System

Question 24

In 1981, a category higher than a kingdom, called
__________, was proposed by ______________.

Answer 24

Domain, Carl Woese

Question 25

Organisms that are able to move on their own

Answer 25

Kingdom: Animalia

Question 26

Animals with a backbone

Answer 26

Phylum: Chordata

Question 27

Chordates with fur or hair and milk glands

Answer 27

Class: Mammalia

Question 28

Mammals with grasping fingers

Answer 28

Order: Primates

Question 29

Primates with relatively flat faces and three-dimensional vision

Answer 29

Family: Hominidae

Question 30

Hominids with upright position and large brain

Answer 30

Genus: Homo

Question 31

Members if the genus Homo with a high forehead and notably thin skull bones

Answer 31

Specific Epithet: Sapiens

Question 32

To avoid ambiguity when communicating about their research, biologists refer to organisms by _____________________________.

Answer 32

Latin Scientific Names

Question 33

The two-part format of the scientific name, commonly called a ______________, was instituted in the 18th century by ___________________

Answer 33

Binomial, Carolus Linnaeus.

Question 34

The first part of a binomial is the name of the _________________ to which the species belongs.

Answer 34

Genus (plural, genera)

Question 35

The second part, called the ___________________, is unique for each species within the genus.

Answer 35

specific epithet

Question 36

A two-part format of scientific name instituted by Carolus Linnaeus.

Answer 36

Binomial Nomenclature

Question 37

A category higher than kingdom, proposed by Carl Woese.

Answer 37

Domain

Question 38

Base part of the phylogenetic tree.

Answer 38

Root

Question 39

Techniques used to segregate molecular homologies.

Answer 39

Molecular Genetics

Question 40

A scientifically classified group or entity.

Answer 40

Taxa