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BIO 101 > Week 2- Genetic Engineering > Flashcards

Week 2- Genetic Engineering Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

It is called the central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA → RNA → Protein

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2
Q

It comes from existing DNA to make new DNA

A

Replication

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3
Q

From DNA to make new RNA

A

Transcription

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4
Q

From RNA to make new proteins

A

Translation

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5
Q

In bacterial cells, it lacks a NUCLEUS, but _____ is produced by transcription that is immediately translated without additional processing.
(clue: type of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis)

A

mRNA

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6
Q

In eukaryotic cells, wherein the nucleus provides a separate compartment for transcription. An original RNA transcript, called ____, is processed in various ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
(The first (primary) transcript from a protein-coding gene)

A

pre-mRNA

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7
Q

the primary transcript which contains both coding and non-coding sequences

A

pre-mRNA

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8
Q

mature messenger RNA which contains only the coding sequence of a gene

A

mRNA

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9
Q

It is referred to as the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics (phenotypes) in a particular way

A

Genetic Engineering

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10
Q

used by scientists to enhance or modify the characteristics of an individual organism.

A

Genetic Engineering

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11
Q

A process is done to manipulate the genome of an organism in order to produce desired traits

A

Genetic Manipulation

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12
Q

Three Certain Manipulations are included

A

Altering/Changing one base pair;
Deleting a sequence of DNA;
Introducing an additional copy of a gene. (Recombinant DNA)

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13
Q

Three Genetic Engineering Procedures

A

DNA Sequencing
DNA Cloning/ Gene Cloning
Gene Editing

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14
Q

a process of genetic engineering procedures that exploits the principle of complementary base pairing of DNA to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.

A

DNA Sequencing

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15
Q

a process of genetic engineering procedures that prepares well-defined segments of DNA in multiple identical copies of a specific gene. (Use of Bacterial Plasmids and turning them into Recombinant DNA molecules).

A

DNA Cloning/Gene Cloning

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16
Q

a process of genetic engineering procedures that customize a living organism’s genetic sequence by making very specific changes to its DNA using Nucleases.

A

Gene Editing

17
Q

Enumerate the five methods in genetic engineering.

A

-Dideoxy Chain Termination Method for Sequencing DNA
-Next-Generation Sequencing
-The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
-Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR)
-CRISPR - Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

18
Q

CRISPR stands for?

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

19
Q

RT-PCR stands for?

A

Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction

20
Q

PCR stands for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

21
Q

the joining of two different DNA molecules from different species resulting in recombined DNA molecules

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

22
Q

it utilizes Bacterial plasmids as a cloning vector, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there.

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

23
Q

steps in recombinant technology

A

1)gene inserted into plasmid
2)plasmid put into the bacterial cell
3)the host cell is grown in culture to form a clone of cells containing the “cloned” gene of interest
4)basic research and various applications

24
Q

this are proteins that cut DNA at short, specific sequences called restriction sites

A

Restriction Enzyme

25
Q

What is being protected from the cell’s own restriction enzyme by the addition of methyl groups (CH3) to adenines or cytosines within the sequences recognized by the enzymes?

A

The DNA of a bacterial cell

26
Q

it is a type of restriction enzymes that recognize specific DNA sequences but makes their cut at seemingly RANDOM SITES that can be as far as 1,000 BASE PAIRS AWAY from recognition site

A

Type I

27
Q

It is a type of restriction enzyme that recognize and cut DIRECTLY within the recognition site

A

Type II

28
Q

it is a type of restriction enzymes that recognize specific sequences but makes their cut at a DIFFERENT SPECIFIC LOCATION that is usually within about 25 BASE PAIRS of the recognition sites

A

Type III

29
Q

Enumerate the process of Genetic Modification (9 items)

A
  1. identification of the gene interest;
  2. isolation of the gene of interest;
  3. amplifying the gene to produce many copies;
  4. associating the gene with an appropriate promoter and poly A sequence and insertion into plasmids;
  5. multiplying the plasmid in bacteria and recovering the cloned construct for injection;
  6. transference of the construct into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs;
  7. integration of gene into recipient genome;
  8. the expression of the gene in the recipient genome; and
  9. inheritance of genes through further generations.
30
Q

first step in the process of Genetic Modification
________of the gene interest

A

identification

31
Q

second step in the process of Genetic Modification
______ of the gene of interest;

A

isolation

32
Q

third step in the process of Genetic Modification
_________the gene to produce many copies

A

amplifying

33
Q

fourth step in the process of Genetic Modification
associating the gene with an appropriate promoter and poly A sequence and insertion into ________

A

plasmids

34
Q

fifth step in the process of Genetic Modification
_________ the plasmid in bacteria and recovering the cloned construct for injection

A

multiplying

35
Q

sixth step in the process of Genetic Modification
___________ of the construct into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs;

A

transference

36
Q

seventh step in the process of Genetic Modification
________ of gene into recipient genome;

A

integration

37
Q

eight step in the process of Genetic Modification
the _______ of the gene in the recipient genome

A

expression

38
Q

ninth step in the process of Genetic Modification
__________ of genes through further generations.

A

inheritance

39
Q

Different Applications of Genetic Engineering

A

Medical applications
Forensic Evidences and Genetic Profiles
Environmental Cleanup
Agricultural Applications

BIO 101 (10 decks)

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