Week 2- Genetic Engineering Flashcards
It is called the central dogma of molecular biology
DNA → RNA → Protein
It comes from existing DNA to make new DNA
Replication
From DNA to make new RNA
Transcription
From RNA to make new proteins
Translation
In bacterial cells, it lacks a NUCLEUS, but _____ is produced by transcription that is immediately translated without additional processing.
(clue: type of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis)
mRNA
In eukaryotic cells, wherein the nucleus provides a separate compartment for transcription. An original RNA transcript, called ____, is processed in various ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
(The first (primary) transcript from a protein-coding gene)
pre-mRNA
the primary transcript which contains both coding and non-coding sequences
pre-mRNA
mature messenger RNA which contains only the coding sequence of a gene
mRNA
It is referred to as the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics (phenotypes) in a particular way
Genetic Engineering
used by scientists to enhance or modify the characteristics of an individual organism.
Genetic Engineering
A process is done to manipulate the genome of an organism in order to produce desired traits
Genetic Manipulation
Three Certain Manipulations are included
Altering/Changing one base pair;
Deleting a sequence of DNA;
Introducing an additional copy of a gene. (Recombinant DNA)
Three Genetic Engineering Procedures
DNA Sequencing
DNA Cloning/ Gene Cloning
Gene Editing
a process of genetic engineering procedures that exploits the principle of complementary base pairing of DNA to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
DNA Sequencing
a process of genetic engineering procedures that prepares well-defined segments of DNA in multiple identical copies of a specific gene. (Use of Bacterial Plasmids and turning them into Recombinant DNA molecules).
DNA Cloning/Gene Cloning
a process of genetic engineering procedures that customize a living organism’s genetic sequence by making very specific changes to its DNA using Nucleases.
Gene Editing
Enumerate the five methods in genetic engineering.
-Dideoxy Chain Termination Method for Sequencing DNA
-Next-Generation Sequencing
-The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
-Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR)
-CRISPR - Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
CRISPR stands for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
RT-PCR stands for?
Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR stands for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
the joining of two different DNA molecules from different species resulting in recombined DNA molecules
Recombinant DNA Technology
it utilizes Bacterial plasmids as a cloning vector, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there.
Recombinant DNA Technology
steps in recombinant technology
1)gene inserted into plasmid
2)plasmid put into the bacterial cell
3)the host cell is grown in culture to form a clone of cells containing the “cloned” gene of interest
4)basic research and various applications
this are proteins that cut DNA at short, specific sequences called restriction sites
Restriction Enzyme
What is being protected from the cell’s own restriction enzyme by the addition of methyl groups (CH3) to adenines or cytosines within the sequences recognized by the enzymes?
The DNA of a bacterial cell
it is a type of restriction enzymes that recognize specific DNA sequences but makes their cut at seemingly RANDOM SITES that can be as far as 1,000 BASE PAIRS AWAY from recognition site
Type I
It is a type of restriction enzyme that recognize and cut DIRECTLY within the recognition site
Type II
it is a type of restriction enzymes that recognize specific sequences but makes their cut at a DIFFERENT SPECIFIC LOCATION that is usually within about 25 BASE PAIRS of the recognition sites
Type III
Enumerate the process of Genetic Modification (9 items)
- identification of the gene interest;
- isolation of the gene of interest;
- amplifying the gene to produce many copies;
- associating the gene with an appropriate promoter and poly A sequence and insertion into plasmids;
- multiplying the plasmid in bacteria and recovering the cloned construct for injection;
- transference of the construct into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs;
- integration of gene into recipient genome;
- the expression of the gene in the recipient genome; and
- inheritance of genes through further generations.
first step in the process of Genetic Modification
________of the gene interest
identification
second step in the process of Genetic Modification
______ of the gene of interest;
isolation
third step in the process of Genetic Modification
_________the gene to produce many copies
amplifying
fourth step in the process of Genetic Modification
associating the gene with an appropriate promoter and poly A sequence and insertion into ________
plasmids
fifth step in the process of Genetic Modification
_________ the plasmid in bacteria and recovering the cloned construct for injection
multiplying
sixth step in the process of Genetic Modification
___________ of the construct into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs;
transference
seventh step in the process of Genetic Modification
________ of gene into recipient genome;
integration
eight step in the process of Genetic Modification
the _______ of the gene in the recipient genome
expression
ninth step in the process of Genetic Modification
__________ of genes through further generations.
inheritance
Different Applications of Genetic Engineering
Medical applications
Forensic Evidences and Genetic Profiles
Environmental Cleanup
Agricultural Applications
