Week 8- Evidences of Evolution

Question 1

Two types of Evolution based on scale

Answer 1

Macroevolution and Microevolution

Question 2

These are similar features that have evolved
independently in different organisms because the
organisms lived in similar environments or
experienced similar selective pressures/natural
selection.

Answer 2

Vestigial Features

Question 3

Refers to small-scale changes that
affect just one or a few genes and happen in populations
over shorter timescales.

Answer 3

Microevolution

Question 4

Microevolution and macroevolution are the same
process, occurring on different timescales.
_______________ processes occurring over
thousands or millions of years can add up to large-
scale changes that define new species or groups,
which is the basis for _______________

Answer 4

Microevolutionary/Microevolution, Macroevolution

Question 5

Refers to large-scale changes that
occur over extended time periods, such as the formation of
new species and groups.

Answer 5

Macroevolution

Question 6

In molecular Biology, give the 4 things that all living organisms share at the most basic level.

Answer 6

-The same genetic material (DNA)
-The same, or highly similar, genetic codes
-The same basic process of gene expression (transcription
and translation)
-The same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids

Question 7

The presence of structures in organisms that share
the basic trait. A similarity of said trait results from
their origin in the trait of a common ancestor.

Answer 7

Homologous Features

Question 8

Types of Features/Traits

Answer 8

Homologous Features
- Vestigial Features
Analogous Features

Question 9

The process which the organisms undergo to acquire Vestigial Features is called…

Answer 9

Convergent evolution

Question 10

What did Darwin though of evolution?

Answer 10

“Descent with modification”

Question 11

Sometimes, organisms have structures that are homologous to
important structures in other organisms but that have lost their
major ancestral function. What kind of feature is this?

Answer 11

Vestigial Features

Question 12

He proposed that the evolutionary history of life forms a branching tree with many levels, in which all species can be traced back to an ancient common ancestor.

Answer 12

Charles Darwin

Question 13

Physical traits/features shared due to evolutionary
history (a common ancestor) are said to be
__________________.

Answer 13

Homologous

Question 14

Some homologous structures can be seen only
in _____________. For instance, all vertebrate embryos (including humans) have ________ and a ______ during early development.

Answer 14

Embryos, Gill Slits and Tail

Question 15

reflect that the developmental programs of vertebrates are variations on a similar plan that existed in their last common ancestor.

Answer 15

Homologous Embryonic Structure

Question 16

Example of Vestigial Features in Humans

Answer 16

Wisdom Tooth
Appendix
Male Nipples
Third Eyelid
Tonsils
Palmaris Longus Muscle

Question 17

Although they’re great for establishing the common origins of life, features like having DNA or carrying out transcription and translation are not so useful for figuring out how related particular organisms are.

Answer 17

Molecular Biology

Question 18

Biologists often compare the sequences of related genes found in different species (often called homologous or orthologous genes) to figure out how those species are evolutionarily related to one another.

Answer 18

Homologous Genes

Question 19

The basic idea behind Homologous Gene Approach is that two species have the “_________” gene because they inherited it from a common ancestor.

Answer 19

Same

Question 20

For instance, humans, cows, chickens, and chimpanzees all have a gene that encodes the hormone ________, because this gene was already present in their last common ancestor.

Answer 20

Insulin

Question 21

In general, the more ____________ in homologous genes (or amino acid differences in the proteins they encode) between two species, the more ________ the species are related.

Answer 21

DNA Differences, Distant

Question 22

For instance, human and chimpanzee insulin proteins are much more similar (about __________identical) than human and chicken insulin proteins (about _____________identical), reflecting that humans and chimpanzees are more closely related than humans and chickens.

Answer 22

98%, 64%

Question 23

The geographic distribution of organisms on Earth follows patterns that are best explained by evolution, in combination with the movement of tectonic plates over geological time.

Answer 23

Biogeography

Question 24

For instance, most of the mammal species in Australia are ____________, while most mammal species elsewhere in the world are ___________.

Answer 24

Marsupials, Placentals

Question 25

Australia’s marsupial species are very diverse and fill a wide range of ecological roles.

Answer 25

Biogeography

Question 26

Because Australia was ____________ for millions of years, these species were able to evolve without ____________ from (______________) mammal species elsewhere in the world.

Answer 26

Isolated by water, Competition/Exchange with

Question 27

show a progression of evolution through their preserved remains of previously living organisms or their traces, dating from the distant past.

Answer 27

Fossils

Question 28

Scientists determine the ______________ and categorize them all over the world to determine when the organisms lived relative to each other.

Answer 28

Age of Fossils

Question 29

The resulting__________ tells the story of the past, and shows the evolution of form over millions of years.

Answer 29

Fossil Record

Question 30

Example is the lineage of the____________, which shows the reduction of ___________________, may reflect adaptation to changes in the environment.

Answer 30

Modern Horse, toed feet to hooves

Question 31

Equus

Answer 31

Modern Horse

Question 32

Some evolutions are happening and is being observed today. Important modern-day examples of evolution include the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and pesticide-resistant insects

Answer 32

Direct Observation

Question 33

history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms

Answer 33

Phylogeny