Week 9 (problem solving and reasoning) Flashcards
What are the 4 basic requirements of problem solving?
1) Goals
2) Obstacles
3) Strategies to overcome obstacles
4) evaluation of the results
What is required before someone can begin solving problems?
Goal-directed behaviour
What did Piaget suggest 8 month old’s could do (problem solving)?
Use one behaviour strategically in the service of another
What is an oddity task?
A series of 3 objects, select one that doesn’t belong (ID non-identical objects)
How do children of different ages perform on oddity tasks?
Toddlers and Preschoolers: difficulty, but can learn with practice
Over 6: easy
Do younger children struggle with following rules?
Yes. Even if they know the rules they struggle to follow them.
What is the cognitive complexity and control theory?
Children increase conscious control over their problem solving, leading to increased control over behaviour
What are two tasks that assess someone’s ability to plan?
Tower of Hanoi
Truck Loading Task
How do children do on the Tower of Hanoi task?
3 y/o can do easy version
6+ y/o can do more complex versions
What are 2 tasks to assess future thinking?
Picture-Book Task
Spoon Task
How do children do on future thinking task with regards to their age?
By 4-5 children do better
By 3-4 how are children using tools?
They are regularly using the tools their culture provides
What is object-oriented play?
Active manipulation of objects
What are affordances of objects?
Functional relationships between objects and the environment
What type of play do girls and boys tend to gravitate towards?
Boys: object-oriented play
Girls: imagination play
What does Ziegler & Chen’s 2000 study on the development of tool use suggest?
Children learn to use tools rapidly
Once they begin using tools they get better
What is design stance?
Your previous experience with an object can limit other uses of it.
Using tools is easy for kids, but ___________ is very difficult.
Tool Innovation
What is analogical reasoning?
Using something you already know to help you understand something you don’t know
What is relational mapping?
Application of what one knows about one set of elements to relations about the different elements
How do children use causal reasoning?
Test predictions and then adjust theory as needed
What does Gopnik et al. Blicket Detector Experiment suggest?
Children rely on causal reasoning, not just trial and error
What does Chen & Klahr (1999) study on training children to use scientific reasoning suggest?
With training, kids improve
Elementary children can use scientific reasoning to solve problems
