Week 8 (memory development) Flashcards
When remembering explicit memories you are __________ that you are remembering something.
Aware.
When you are remembering implicit memories you are ________ that you are remembering something.
Unaware.
How can we measure memory in infants?
Use novel items as infants have a tendency to become bored after repeated exposure to something indicating that they remember previous experiences.
What are conjugate reinforcement procedures? Give an example of a study.
looking at what, how long, and under what context can a baby remember information.
e.g. babies learned kicking move the mobile faster and when brought into lab a different day they remembered.
What is a deferred-imitation procedure?
Demonstrate a series of novel actions with objects, delay, test.
Infants are able to retain memories but as they get older they _____________.
Retain for longer.
Long-term memory requires integration of brain activity from the ___________, ____________, and structures within the __________ lobe.
Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex
Temporal
What is infantile amnesia?
Inability for adults to recall specific events or episodes from early childhood.
You don’t remember your first few years of life, but what is one thing that may make you more likely to remember?
Major life events (e.g. birth of a sibling).
What are 5 reasons why we might experience infantile amnesia?
1) storage failure
2) encoding differences
3) sense of self
4) verbatim vs. gist recall
5) use of language in social interactions
True/False
Implicit and explicit memories are processed in the same brain center.
False.
How do parents teach memory?
Parents influence what is important to remember by pointing out and elaborating about certain things (aka decide what is important to remember).
What is script-based memory?
When your memory is based on the script heard during the event.
What are gender effects of parent-child conversations around past events? What is the outcome?
Parents tend to be more elaborative with girls, therefore girls tend to remember more about past events compared to boys.
What are 5 things that effect the accuracy of child witness statements?
1) Length of delay between crime and statement
2) IQ
3) Level of stress
4) Interviewer characteristics
5) Knowledge
What is the fuzzy face theory?
Memories exist on a continuum from fuzzy and vague (gist) to clear and specific. As you age you get better at the gist.
What is the Wikipedia model of memory?
Other people impact memory.
What is prospective memory?
The ability to remember to carry out a future intention.
What did the results of Somerville et al. (1983) “Naturalistic” study suggest?
Children are much more likely to remind parents to complete a task if it is something that is positive for them (e.g. buy candy at the store).
How is prospective memory measured in the laboratory (4 steps in order)?
Intention formation (encoding),
Delay period,
Ongoing task, and
Cue detection
At what age do children tend to be more reliable in remembering to carry out their intentions?
By 6 years of age.
Is nagging an effective strategy for parents to use on children to help them remember something? Why?
No. Because nagging doesn’t improve what is the problem (executive functioning).
What is good strategy for reminding a child to carry out tasks?
Visual reminders.
What was the car driving study by Mackinlay et al. (2009)? What do results suggest?
Study measured time-based prospective memory in children. They used a driving simulator but the car would run out of gas every 2 minutes.
Results: Children between 7-12 had better time-based prospective memory, planning, and task-switching.
