Week 11 (social cognition) Flashcards
Infants tend to orient towards ________.
Faces.
Babies are born prepared for attending to _________, especially _________.
People
Close others (e.g. parents)
What is shared attention/joint attention?
triadic interaction between child, other person, and object.
e.g. play.
Why is infant pointing important?
Shows a more complex understanding. Suggests infants understand when someone else is not aware of something, therefore they need to point it out to them.
When do babies have the ability to engage in joint attention?
Around 9 months of age.
When do children begin pointing?
Around 9 months to 1 year of age.
Carpenter et al. (1998) ran a study showing infants adults that responded to an action with “there!” or “whoops.” What were the results and what do they suggest?
Infants imitated intentional behaviour (“there”) more often.
Suggests that infants were sensitive to the intentional behaviours and they were able to distinguish between “on purpose” and “by accident”.
What does it mean that a child can distinguish between unwilling and unable actions?
A child understands that just because something was done one way doesn’t mean that it was supposed to be done that way.
e.g. turning light on with head because you need to vs. turning light on with your head because your hands are tied behind your back.
What is Tomasello’s Shared Intentionality Theory?
Infants and young children are biologically prepared to develop a set of expected social skills that fit within their culture.
What are the 2 types of human capacities that have roots in shared intentionality?
1) joint intentionality
2) collective intentionality
What is joint intentionality?
The ability to understand and create the “we” with others.
What is collective intentionality? When does this begin?
The ability to understand and form a group-minded “we”.
Being attentive to social norms.
Starts around 3 years of age.
What do we start to see with the development of collective intentionality?
The inclusion of out-group members.
What does Hamlin et al. (2007) Prosociality study suggest?
That infants as young as 4.5 months have an understanding of right and wrong.
When are children more likely to share?
When they have previous positive experiences with the individual (e.g. previous items shared with them, friends vs. non-friends).
Why is 14 months to 6 years of age called the “helper stage?”
Because during this time children have a universal tendency to help others.
Is a child more likely to help when a marker is dropped on the floor or when it is thrown on the floor?
When it is dropped.
Explain group-mindedness in children.
At a young age kids are picking up on cultural and social norms and engaging in conformity within the context of their culture.
How are in-groups typically formed in children?
By odd things (e.g. yellow shirt group and blue shirt group).
How is conformity helpful in children?
It helps keep culture alive by ensuring new generations engage in cultural norms and expectations.
What is the minimal group paradigm?
When children favour in-groups that they belong in.
What do the results of Hamann et al. (2011) Collaboration study suggest?
By 3, kids are sensitive to collaboration and equalness. Children recognize that equal effort should be rewarded equally.
What is theory of mind? When does it develop?
Understanding that others have different thoughts, emotions, and understanding.
Develops around 3-4.
How does Theory Theory explain the development of Theory of Mind?
Kids develop theories about their natural world, test these theories, then make adjustments as needed.
“Little scientists”
