Week 9 Lecture Flashcards
Studies of partner selection show similarities in people’s choice of partner in:
- ethnicity
- age
- level of education
- SES
In Australians, many people are married by their:
thirties
What are the 3 types of marriage?
- equal partner relationship (equal roles)
- conventional marriage (man work, women at home, uncommon)
- junior partnership (young beautiful women, man bring money, celebrities)
What are some characteristics in the most recent study of median age at first entering marriage.
older mean
younger women
What are some characteristics in the most recent study of median age of divorce.
in 1975, no fault divorce laws got put into place. Since then, there’s been a huge spike.
In Australia, how many couples cohabit prior to marriage?
About 3 quarters. About 75% of people in their 20s today. Older people are still getting married.
In the census, what perceptage of all cohabiting couples are same sex couples?
about 0.5%
In same sex households, what percentage of these households have children?
11%
In married couples different sex households, what percentage of them have children in the house
About 60%
In cohabiting different sex households households, what percentage of them have children in the house
40%
Which married group are more likely to break up within 10 years?
heterosexual couples
What date is same sex marriage legalise in Australia?
9 Dec 2017
What percentage of Australians supported gay marriage legalisation?
61.6% of Australians
How many same sex marriages were there in 2018 (straight after it got legalised)?
6538 (5% of total weddings in Australia)
How many same sex marriages were there in 2019?
5507 (5% of total weddings in Australia)
Does having a child bring more or less conflict in marriages?
always more
In Harwood’s 2007 longitudinal study of 71 Australian women, what did it find with Mother’s?
If, when having kids, their expectations did not match their reality, they were more likely to have negative mood.
In Harwood’s 2007 longitudinal study of 71 Australian women, what did it find with Father’s?
They were often ill-prepared
There has been a recent increase int he number of single parent families (85% led by females). What are the main differences in this situation? (7)
- accept challenges and responsibility
- priority to parenting role
- consistent and authoritative
- emphasise communication
- foster differences
- recognise self care
- establish family traditions
With increasing singlehood, what are some characteristics of this?
- some considered marriage as incompatible with their careers
- males may fare better than females
- loneliness
- often report being happier
About what percentage of males and females today may never marry?
27% of men
23% of women
What are some reasons that couples don’t want children (which has increased over time)
- delays in childbearing
- changes in global attitudes
- ill health
- infertility
What happens often with people who postpone marriage and children?
People who always postpone marriage and children more often than not, end up not having any and miss out. This is happening increasingly within Australia.
In middle adulthood, what is happening with cohabitation rates?
They are increasing
Older married people tend to be:
happier, healthier, live longer than widowed and divorced people of the same age
What is important to adjusting changes in age?
martial relationships
older widowed _____ are more likely to remarry than widowed ____.
women
marry
old___ are more likely to die than old ___
men
women
According to researchers, what are the top 10 qualities people look for in long term relaitonships?
- warmth and kindness
- expressiveness and openness
- sense of humour
- sexual passion
- similarity on attitudes and values
- exciting personality
- ambition
- intelligence
- similar interests and leisure activities
10 .similar social skills
By interacting with peers, children learn how to:
- regulate their emotions
- interact and communicate with same status peers
- develop skills for forming close personal relationships
Friendships begin to develop at what age?
3 years
What are 3 year old friendships based on?
play, fun, companionship
As children develop, friendships become more:
stable and friendship quality increases
Friendships change in middle childhood, they end up being about:
- sharing toys and fun
- loyalty and intimacy
What are 3 stages of children’s view on friendship according to Damon and Hart?
- other’s behaviour (4-7 years old)
- trust (8-10 years)
- psychological closeness (11-15 years)
To gain peer acceptance, children need to conform to:
group norms
How does the classroom structure influence friendships?
formation and stability
What are some influences of close friendships within the classroom?
attractiveness, intelligence, classroom social status
Peer rejection in childhood are associated with
social difficulties later in life
Children rejected by peers are usually:
- agressive and disruptive
- socially withdrawn
- both
Crick and Dodge’s information processing model of social comparison: rejected children can have problems at any of these steps:
- social cues
- interpret cues
- clarify desired outcome
- responding strategies
- decide and enact response
During adolescence, friendships are characterised by:
shared attitudes, interests, intimacy, complementarity.
Dunphy found two types of adolescent friend groups:
- clique: small group of 3-9 members who are close to each other (most have 1-2 closer friends in clique)
- crowd: clique members also part of a wider group.
People generally rely less on their family of origin, and more on ____ for support and intimacy in adulthood
friends
What encourages help promoting behaviour?
friendships
What is friendship associated with in adulthood?
well being, self esteem and mental health
What is social support associated with in older adulthood?
mental health, ability to cope with stressful events, health and mortality
Older adult defines friendship in 5. main ways:
- behavioural aspects
- cognitive processes
- affective components
- structural characteristics
- proxy indicators
Antonucci found no ____ differences in social support network composition in older adulthood. But ___ are more intimate with their female friends
- gender
2. woman
How many times more are children likely to play with same sex than mixed sex groups?
4X more likely
Theories that account for the maintenance and strengthening of gender segregation during middle to late childhood rely more heavily on group processes such as
borderwork that maintain gender group boundaries
What is borderwork?
Includes things like teasing, playing chasing games, invasions and pollution rituals (cooties)
What do ethological theories suggest that the differences in boy/girl friendship structures are due to?
male hunting groups, which need to be large and hierarchically organised
What do sociobiological theories suggest that the differences in boy/girl friendship structures are due to?
difference in gender roles in modern society: girls encouraged to be nurturing, boys encouraged to be more competitive
What is personality?
The characteristics and qualities typical of an individual
What is personality development?
The extent to which the above change throughout lifespan
What does Freud’s psychosexual approach say the personality is determined by?
id
ego
superego
By the age of 5, all basic structures of personality are fully developed
What does the behaviourist approach to personality reject?
The notion the persaonlity comes from internal conflicts
How do behaviourists see personality?
As the sum of all learned associates
instead of personality, how do behaviourists see it?
more likely to describe behaviour and habit systems
Behaviourist views on personality led to therapies such as:
systematic desensitisation and aversion therapy
How did Bandura reject the behaviourist approach in personality, in his social cognitive approach? (4)
- direct reinforcement can’t account for all types of learning.
- People learn new info and behaviours by watching other people
- mental states are important to learning
- intrinsic reinforcement acts as a form of internal reward
What is the social cognitive approach to personality?
development occurs through a person’s social world, including self-regulation
What are Bandura’s 2 steps to his social cognitive approach?
- self observation
- judgement
- self response
What is the trait approach to personality, which says that traits determine the differences between individual?
internal psychological dispositions that remains largely unchanged throughout the lifespan and situation
What is the most recent trait theory of personality?
The five factor model (OCEAN)
