Week 3 Lecture Flashcards
What important ramifications does physical growth have?
Psychological ramifications, because of the interaction with the environments as a result of physical development.
What is the 5 months growth spurt generally?
Double their birthweight
What is the 12 month growths spurt?
Triple birth weight double birth length
What is the 24 month growth spurt
Weight and height continue to increase, muscle replaces fat
What age do bones harde?
2-6 years
What age is generally where most children look more adult like?
About 5 years
What happens with physical growth from 6 years on?
bones lengthen, broaden, facial bones grow, longer face, wider mouth
What are features of a baby face?
Large forehead, features lower part of face, large round eyes, high and prominent cheeks
What does baby faces foster in terms of attachment?
Attractive to adults, encourages social bond
How much does the average newborn weigh?
About 3.4kg
What is the average length of a newborn?
About 50cm in length
What do growth charts do?
Show weight and height gain over time compared to others of the same age.
What is motor development? What are 3 examples of these?
Growth and development of body movements
- reflexes
- gross motor skills
- fine motor skills
What can motor development indicate?
A child’s neurological integrity, perceptual development, cognitive development.
Are milestones in motor development important?
Yes - important medically as well as physically and socially
What are reflexes?
Innate patterns of behaviour
What happens if reflexes persist into childhood?
There may be diagnostic significance
Are there reflexes present even during foetal development?
Yes - many
What are the 4 basic reflexes?
- sucking
- rooting
- grasping
- blinking
What are the 2 different types of reflexes?
- survival reflexes (breathing, blinking, rooting, sucking)
2. grasp reflexes
What is rooting?
Infant moves mouth toward source when touches on cheek
What is sucking?
tactile stimulation of the mouth - rhythmic sucking
What is the moro reflex?
When head allowed to drop, arms spread out then retract; baby usually cries
What is the Babinski reflex?
toes curl outward like a fan when sole of foot stroked
When do reflexes approximately start to lose dominance?
Around 6 months
What happens after 6 months with reflexes?
Voluntary control starts to take over
What basic movements are occurring when voluntary movements take over?
- control of head
- manipulative movements
- locomotion movements
What is gross motor development?
Large muscle movement of arms, legs, torso
What is the goal for younger children with their gross motor skills?
Mastery
What is the goal for older adults with their gross motor skills?
Mastery as means to na end. More complex skills
What is fine motor skills?
Small muscles throughout the body (fingers, toes etc)
What is an example of fine motor development for newborn?
They attempt to grasp, but not enough control. By 4-5 moths they emerge as two separate skills.
What is an ulnar grasp?
fingers close against palm
What is a pincer
thumb and forefinger
What fine motor skills develop at 3 years?
pincer grasp objects, undo buttons, jigsaw puzzles
What fine motor skills develop at 4 years?
fold paper, build smooth towers
What motor developments have happened at 2 years?
walk smoothly and rhythmically
What motor developments have happened at 3 years?
run, skip, jump
What happens in motor development after 5 years?
walk backwards, change direction while running
What occurs between 7-17 years in regard to motor skills?
significant improvement in, especially gross, motor skills
What happens when your’e 30 years old with motor skills?
You are at peak physical performance.
What happens between 30-70 years with motor skills?
25-30% decline in muscle mass, strength
What happens when your’e 80 in regard to motor skills
Lose 50% of muscle mass
What are 3 mechanisms for which motor skills improve?
- physical development
- neural development
- practice
What neuronal effects are occurring in neural development?
greater myelination of cerebellar neurons, lead to better balance and improved co ordination
- Are there sex differences in motor development?
- What are these differences?
- What has recent research revealed?
- Yes but only minor
- Boys tend to have greater muscle, more rough play. Girls greater balance, more quiet activities.
- This has recently been linked to social role differences more than biological factors.
What happens in children deprived of motor practise in the first 12-24 months?
They were delayed in sitting and walking
What does the dynamic approach say about motor skill development?
That motor. behaviours are not inevitable physical milestones
What do practising physical activities help develop? (3)
- gross motor skills
- fine motor skills
- social skills
Children who perceive themselves as having poor motor skills often experience what?
That they are rejected by peers.
How much exercise does the government recommend?
1 hour of exercise per day
What is the comparison with how much exercise the government recommends vs. what the school does?
The school only requires at least 2 hours of physical activity per week. Much less than the government recommends.
