Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lifespan and Developmental Psychology > Week 11 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 11 Lecture Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is emotion an essential part of?

A

social competence in:

  1. expressing emotions in a regular way
  2. understand other’s emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do moods or emotion last longer?

A

Moods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is temperament

A

long lasting, what kind of person you are with moods and emotions overall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main distinctions between the emotions of adults and children? (4)

A
  1. physiological patterns differ
  2. children display fewer types of emotions
  3. children have fewer and simpler verbal emotional concepts
  4. children may experience the same types of emotions as adults, but this may manifest in different ways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 elements of emotional development?

A
  1. emotional expression
  2. regulation of emotional experience
  3. emotional understanding or recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Children learn to ____ negative emotional expression as they learn more about the rules of social interaction.

A

mask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Children learn that the most intense emotional reactions may not lead to ___ being met.

A

goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What role does culture play in emotional expressions?

A

Individualistic society - accepted to express emotions re. succeeding or failing.
collectivist - not okay to demonstrate emotion, unless it’s a collectivist event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Emotional expression in adolescence and adulthood can be completely ____ in certain circumstances.

A

masked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

As we get older, emotional expressions become more ___.

A

complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Before people can regulate emotions, people must first___

A

experience them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does emotional regulation begin?

A

in infancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 3 ways that children learn to regulate emotion?

A
  1. emotionally -ceasing to feel an emotion
  2. cognitively -restructuring
  3. behaviourally - so something to change the way you feel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 elements in Sterberg’s triangular theory of love?

A
  1. intimacy
  2. compassion
  3. commitment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many different types of love can be explained by the 3 elements in Sterberg’s triangular theory of love?

A

7, either singularly or in combination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In Sterberg’s triangular theory of love, what is the “true love” concept called?

A

consummate love

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory can be adapted to emotional development. What did he describe emotion primarily as?

A

A theory of anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Freud describe emotion as?

A

That repression and other defence mechanisms are used to reduce anxiety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory missing? (2)

A
  1. a thorough description of other emotions

2. Discussion of emotion in development terms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who came up with the theory which was a direct response to Freud psychoanalytic theory of emotion and what was it?

A

Spitz - genetic field theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development deemphasise of Freud’s theory?

A

de-emphasised Freud’s focus on “drives”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development consider?

A

affective relations between mother and infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development was the first to consider what?

A

milestone’s in children’s emotional development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was the three organising principles in Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development?

A
  1. the smiling response
  2. anxiety in the presence of stranger
  3. semantic communication (negativism - saying no, shaking head)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What was the behaviourist theory in emotional development, and who came up with it?

A

Watson and Morgan distinguished three basic emotion.

  1. fear
  2. rage
  3. love
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What did Watson and Morgans behaviourist theory say that emotions actually were?

A

habits or reflexes conditioned by the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the central element in the cognitive approach to emotional development?

A

the appraisal - estimate of the personal significance of an event.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the two ideas that cognitive theorists agree on in regard to emotional develop?

A
  1. emotions do not occur without an antecedent appraisal (cognition) of the event
  2. the appraisal, not the event itself, causes the emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a more recent theory of emotional development, and who is it based on?

A

dynamic integration theory. Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the dynamic integration theory say about cognition in it’s theory of emotional development?

A

That as cognition develops, it transforms out emotional repertoire and regulation.
As adults age, cognitive resources are depleted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is Thomas and Chess’ trait theory of emotional development based on? How did this categorise children?

A

Based on temperament.

easy, difficult, slow to warm up children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A more recent trait theory (Eisenbergs) in emotional development divides temperament into a different 3 types. What are these?

A
  1. negative affect/emotionality
  2. self regulation/effortful control
  3. positive affect/approach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Paul Ekman’s biological and evolutionary theory in emotional development

What did he say in relation of the language of emotion and facial expressions of emotion?

A

Emotions and their relation to facial expressions appear culturally universal.

Language of emotion: culturally specific

facial expression of emotion: culturally universal

34
Q

How many secondary emotions did Ekman add to his 7 basic emotions?

A

11

35
Q

Describe Izard’s biological theory, “differential emotions theory” of emotional development?

A

up to ten emotional states: universally innate, basic emotions emerge within the first 2-7 months of life

36
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis, as described by Izard’s biological differential emotions theory?

A

emotions which have different functions also cause facial expression, which in turn provide us with cues about what a person is feeling

37
Q

What are the basic assumptions of the dynamic system theories of emotion?

A
  • element react reciprocally

- emotional states are socially sensitive and moving/adjusting with another person

38
Q

What are the 3 steps in processing, as described by the dynamic systems theory of emotion (a complex but integrative approach)?

A
  1. appraisals
  2. affect systems
  3. overt action tendencies
39
Q

What is morality in psychology?

A

A system of values and systems of conduct based on the distinction between right and wrong.

40
Q

More recent attempts to explain morality in psychology focuses on what?

A

WHY people think, feel, or behave morally.

“Other centered” vs “person centred” outlook.

41
Q

What is moral reasoning?

A

the thinking process behind deciding whether an act is right or wrong

42
Q

What is moral development?

A

maturational changes in judgements, behaviours and emotions about what is right or wrong.

43
Q

Babies and toddlers are seen as what with morality?

A

amoral

44
Q

By 13-15 months, what do children show with morality?

A

show beginnings of empathetic concern for others

45
Q

At 18-24 months, what do children show with morality?

A

distress when anticipating disapproval for violating standards

46
Q

Despite earlier studies suggesting confusion, young children can generally distinguish between someone’s _____ and the _____ of actions (in moral development.

A

intentions and consequences

47
Q

What kind of rules can children distinguish between? (2)

A

moral rules

social conventional rules

48
Q

Developing theory of mind helps with morality how

A

Taking others perspectives

49
Q

Most adolescents do what with the moral standards of their culture?

A

internalise them

50
Q

The few adolescents who engage in juvenile delinquency, and compared to other peers, often show what two things?

A
  1. less empathy and concern for others

2. little guilt over their acts

51
Q

Most findings on moral development have been guided by who’s theory?

A

Kohlberg’s theory

52
Q

Moral development still occurs in people’s in what age?

A

20s-30s

53
Q

Are there major further moral developments in later adulthood?

A

no, after 30’s this tends to stabilise

54
Q

What was the focus role of moral in Freud’s psychodynamic theory?

A

guilt and shame in moral development

55
Q

What does Frei’s psychodynamic theory say about moral before age 5, after age 5 and at adolescence?

A
  1. before 5: parent’s enforce standards
  2. after age 5: internalise standards, superego guides own behaviour
  3. adolescence: superego becomes more independent
56
Q

What is the focus of cognitive developmental theories of morals?

A

moral reasoning

57
Q

What is the essential point of cognitive developmental theories?

A

Not WHAT we do, but WHY.

58
Q

Moral development proceeds through a series of ____, reflecting____ (in cognitive development in morality)

A

STAGES

SOCIAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

59
Q

What method did Piaget use to asses their views on moral development?

A

clinical interview method.

60
Q

What were Piaget’s 3 stages of morality?

A
  1. pre-moral period
  2. heteronomous morality (rules are external)
  3. autonomous morality (rules are internal)
61
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development focused on what ethical dilemma?

A

Protagonist must choose between:

  1. legalistic/societal requirement
  2. individual, humanitarian requirements
62
Q

Who was the data only collected from in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development focused on what ethical dilemma?

A

boys aged 10, 13, 16 years

63
Q

What did Lawrence Kohlberg’s categorise according to stages of moral development?

A

He categorised the REASONS for answers

64
Q

What did Lawrence Kohlberg’s conclude in his theory of moral development?

A

That morality develops in universal, invariant stages, each growing from the next, and continues to develop across the lifespan.

65
Q

What were the three stages in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A
  1. pre-conventional level
  2. conventional level
  3. post-conventional level
66
Q

What is still the most important contemporary model of lifespan moral development today?

A

Kohlberg’s theory

67
Q

What are 5 criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory or moral development?

A
  1. subjective criteria
  2. moral dilemmas too restrictive/unusual
  3. fails to distinguish social conventions and morality
  4. stage 4 refers to both social and moral issues
  5. stage 5 refers solely to moral issues
68
Q

Giligan argued that Kohlberg’s model and dilemmas are biased toward males. She said that females instead emphasise what?

A

interpersonal concerns over justice and individual rights

69
Q

Giligan argued that Kohlberg’s model and dilemmas are biased toward males. What did she develop instead? What are the 3 points of this model?

A

ethics of care.

  1. survival care
  2. conventional care
  3. integrated care
70
Q

What is the focus on in social cognitive theories of morality?

A

moral BEHAVIOURS

71
Q

What do social cognitive theories say that moral behaviours are learned through?

A

operant processes and modelling.

72
Q

What is the generalisation aspect of social cognitive theories of moral development?

A

that socially appropriate behaviour in one context is extended to new/different contexts

73
Q

What do social cognitive theories of moral development say about morality as individuals mature?

A

That they can engage in multiform (integrating social and moral aspects) thinking , self regulation

74
Q

What is the best known example of a social cognitive theory?

A

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

75
Q

According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory or morality, what does he say about moral performance?

A

That is doesn’t equal moral competence, because of the role of situational factors (teacher asks if you’d cheat, you say no, you might still cheat)

76
Q

According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory or morality, what does he say about moral self regulation?

A

we monitor and evaluate our own actions and approve/disprove of ourselves accordingly.

77
Q

According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory or morality, what does he say about moral disengagement?

A

That is allows us to avoid self-condemnation.

78
Q

What is the information processing approach to morality devleopment?

A

Simply recognises that there are factors and processing. Doesn’t try to categorise them

79
Q

In adult moral development, males consider ____ more and females consider___ in morality.

A

justice
care

Although most consider both and experience matters (at uni for social work vs. law).

80
Q

Are there gender differences in moral development with everyday, own life things?

A

no - differences may come from situational factors.

Lifespan and Developmental Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions