Week 11 Lecture Flashcards
What is emotion an essential part of?
social competence in:
- expressing emotions in a regular way
- understand other’s emotions
Do moods or emotion last longer?
Moods
What is temperament
long lasting, what kind of person you are with moods and emotions overall
What are the main distinctions between the emotions of adults and children? (4)
- physiological patterns differ
- children display fewer types of emotions
- children have fewer and simpler verbal emotional concepts
- children may experience the same types of emotions as adults, but this may manifest in different ways
What are the 3 elements of emotional development?
- emotional expression
- regulation of emotional experience
- emotional understanding or recognition
Children learn to ____ negative emotional expression as they learn more about the rules of social interaction.
mask
Children learn that the most intense emotional reactions may not lead to ___ being met.
goals
What role does culture play in emotional expressions?
Individualistic society - accepted to express emotions re. succeeding or failing.
collectivist - not okay to demonstrate emotion, unless it’s a collectivist event
Emotional expression in adolescence and adulthood can be completely ____ in certain circumstances.
masked
As we get older, emotional expressions become more ___.
complex
Before people can regulate emotions, people must first___
experience them.
When does emotional regulation begin?
in infancy
What are 3 ways that children learn to regulate emotion?
- emotionally -ceasing to feel an emotion
- cognitively -restructuring
- behaviourally - so something to change the way you feel
What are the 3 elements in Sterberg’s triangular theory of love?
- intimacy
- compassion
- commitment
How many different types of love can be explained by the 3 elements in Sterberg’s triangular theory of love?
7, either singularly or in combination
In Sterberg’s triangular theory of love, what is the “true love” concept called?
consummate love
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory can be adapted to emotional development. What did he describe emotion primarily as?
A theory of anxiety
What did Freud describe emotion as?
That repression and other defence mechanisms are used to reduce anxiety.
What is Freud’s psychoanalytic theory missing? (2)
- a thorough description of other emotions
2. Discussion of emotion in development terms
Who came up with the theory which was a direct response to Freud psychoanalytic theory of emotion and what was it?
Spitz - genetic field theory
What did Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development deemphasise of Freud’s theory?
de-emphasised Freud’s focus on “drives”
What did Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development consider?
affective relations between mother and infant
Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development was the first to consider what?
milestone’s in children’s emotional development
What was the three organising principles in Spitz’ genetic field theory of emotional development?
- the smiling response
- anxiety in the presence of stranger
- semantic communication (negativism - saying no, shaking head)
What was the behaviourist theory in emotional development, and who came up with it?
Watson and Morgan distinguished three basic emotion.
- fear
- rage
- love
What did Watson and Morgans behaviourist theory say that emotions actually were?
habits or reflexes conditioned by the environment
What is the central element in the cognitive approach to emotional development?
the appraisal - estimate of the personal significance of an event.
What are the two ideas that cognitive theorists agree on in regard to emotional develop?
- emotions do not occur without an antecedent appraisal (cognition) of the event
- the appraisal, not the event itself, causes the emotion
What is a more recent theory of emotional development, and who is it based on?
dynamic integration theory. Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
What does the dynamic integration theory say about cognition in it’s theory of emotional development?
That as cognition develops, it transforms out emotional repertoire and regulation.
As adults age, cognitive resources are depleted.
What is Thomas and Chess’ trait theory of emotional development based on? How did this categorise children?
Based on temperament.
easy, difficult, slow to warm up children.
A more recent trait theory (Eisenbergs) in emotional development divides temperament into a different 3 types. What are these?
- negative affect/emotionality
- self regulation/effortful control
- positive affect/approach
What is Paul Ekman’s biological and evolutionary theory in emotional development
What did he say in relation of the language of emotion and facial expressions of emotion?
Emotions and their relation to facial expressions appear culturally universal.
Language of emotion: culturally specific
facial expression of emotion: culturally universal
How many secondary emotions did Ekman add to his 7 basic emotions?
11
Describe Izard’s biological theory, “differential emotions theory” of emotional development?
up to ten emotional states: universally innate, basic emotions emerge within the first 2-7 months of life
What is the facial feedback hypothesis, as described by Izard’s biological differential emotions theory?
emotions which have different functions also cause facial expression, which in turn provide us with cues about what a person is feeling
What are the basic assumptions of the dynamic system theories of emotion?
- element react reciprocally
- emotional states are socially sensitive and moving/adjusting with another person
What are the 3 steps in processing, as described by the dynamic systems theory of emotion (a complex but integrative approach)?
- appraisals
- affect systems
- overt action tendencies
What is morality in psychology?
A system of values and systems of conduct based on the distinction between right and wrong.
More recent attempts to explain morality in psychology focuses on what?
WHY people think, feel, or behave morally.
“Other centered” vs “person centred” outlook.
What is moral reasoning?
the thinking process behind deciding whether an act is right or wrong
What is moral development?
maturational changes in judgements, behaviours and emotions about what is right or wrong.
Babies and toddlers are seen as what with morality?
amoral
By 13-15 months, what do children show with morality?
show beginnings of empathetic concern for others
At 18-24 months, what do children show with morality?
distress when anticipating disapproval for violating standards
Despite earlier studies suggesting confusion, young children can generally distinguish between someone’s _____ and the _____ of actions (in moral development.
intentions and consequences
What kind of rules can children distinguish between? (2)
moral rules
social conventional rules
Developing theory of mind helps with morality how
Taking others perspectives
Most adolescents do what with the moral standards of their culture?
internalise them
The few adolescents who engage in juvenile delinquency, and compared to other peers, often show what two things?
- less empathy and concern for others
2. little guilt over their acts
Most findings on moral development have been guided by who’s theory?
Kohlberg’s theory
Moral development still occurs in people’s in what age?
20s-30s
Are there major further moral developments in later adulthood?
no, after 30’s this tends to stabilise
What was the focus role of moral in Freud’s psychodynamic theory?
guilt and shame in moral development
What does Frei’s psychodynamic theory say about moral before age 5, after age 5 and at adolescence?
- before 5: parent’s enforce standards
- after age 5: internalise standards, superego guides own behaviour
- adolescence: superego becomes more independent
What is the focus of cognitive developmental theories of morals?
moral reasoning
What is the essential point of cognitive developmental theories?
Not WHAT we do, but WHY.
Moral development proceeds through a series of ____, reflecting____ (in cognitive development in morality)
STAGES
SOCIAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
What method did Piaget use to asses their views on moral development?
clinical interview method.
What were Piaget’s 3 stages of morality?
- pre-moral period
- heteronomous morality (rules are external)
- autonomous morality (rules are internal)
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development focused on what ethical dilemma?
Protagonist must choose between:
- legalistic/societal requirement
- individual, humanitarian requirements
Who was the data only collected from in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development focused on what ethical dilemma?
boys aged 10, 13, 16 years
What did Lawrence Kohlberg’s categorise according to stages of moral development?
He categorised the REASONS for answers
What did Lawrence Kohlberg’s conclude in his theory of moral development?
That morality develops in universal, invariant stages, each growing from the next, and continues to develop across the lifespan.
What were the three stages in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
- pre-conventional level
- conventional level
- post-conventional level
What is still the most important contemporary model of lifespan moral development today?
Kohlberg’s theory
What are 5 criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory or moral development?
- subjective criteria
- moral dilemmas too restrictive/unusual
- fails to distinguish social conventions and morality
- stage 4 refers to both social and moral issues
- stage 5 refers solely to moral issues
Giligan argued that Kohlberg’s model and dilemmas are biased toward males. She said that females instead emphasise what?
interpersonal concerns over justice and individual rights
Giligan argued that Kohlberg’s model and dilemmas are biased toward males. What did she develop instead? What are the 3 points of this model?
ethics of care.
- survival care
- conventional care
- integrated care
What is the focus on in social cognitive theories of morality?
moral BEHAVIOURS
What do social cognitive theories say that moral behaviours are learned through?
operant processes and modelling.
What is the generalisation aspect of social cognitive theories of moral development?
that socially appropriate behaviour in one context is extended to new/different contexts
What do social cognitive theories of moral development say about morality as individuals mature?
That they can engage in multiform (integrating social and moral aspects) thinking , self regulation
What is the best known example of a social cognitive theory?
Bandura’s social cognitive theory
According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory or morality, what does he say about moral performance?
That is doesn’t equal moral competence, because of the role of situational factors (teacher asks if you’d cheat, you say no, you might still cheat)
According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory or morality, what does he say about moral self regulation?
we monitor and evaluate our own actions and approve/disprove of ourselves accordingly.
According to Bandura’s social cognitive theory or morality, what does he say about moral disengagement?
That is allows us to avoid self-condemnation.
What is the information processing approach to morality devleopment?
Simply recognises that there are factors and processing. Doesn’t try to categorise them
In adult moral development, males consider ____ more and females consider___ in morality.
justice
care
Although most consider both and experience matters (at uni for social work vs. law).
Are there gender differences in moral development with everyday, own life things?
no - differences may come from situational factors.
