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Lifespan and Developmental Psychology > Week 4 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 4 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What does philosopher John Locke believe about infants minds?

A

That a babies mind is a ‘tabula rasa’ - a black page

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2
Q

What did William James think about infants mind?

A

The the infants couldn’t differentiate between sensations “a blooming, buzzing confusion”.

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3
Q

What is todays view about infants’ minds?

A

That they are born with many skills, and actively learn more, very rapidly, as they explore their world.

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4
Q

What is sensation?

A

Detection and discrimination of sensory information

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5
Q

What is perception?

A

Interpretation of sensations including recognising and identifying information

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6
Q

What is our most important sense generally?

A

vision

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7
Q

Which skill takes up most of the cerebral cortex?

A

Vision - takes up about half.

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8
Q

What level of vision does an infant have?

A

Well-developed vision

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9
Q

What are three popular testing paradigms used to test vision?

A
  1. Preferential looking
  2. Habituation
  3. Conditioned head-turn
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10
Q

What is preferential looking?

A

Used to test if the infant can discriminate between two similar visual stimuli.

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11
Q

How is preferential looking used to test infants?

A

Looking time measured between two stimuli. If they look at something for longer than average, they show more interest, they prefer it and can tell a difference

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12
Q

What is one problem with the preferential looking time?

A

If they are looking to the stimulus at equal times

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13
Q

What are two possibilities as to why babies look at the stimulus for equal times?

A
  1. They can’t tell the difference

2. They find the stimuli equally interesting

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14
Q

What is habituation when used to test infants?

A

Gradual decrease in response to a repeated stimulus.

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15
Q

What does habituation tell us about human preferences?

A

That we have a preference for anything new or different

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16
Q

In a habituation task, if the infant looks at a new stimulus for longer than the habituated one, what does this tell us?

A

That they can distinguish between the two stimuli.

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17
Q

What are two advantages of using habituation testing methods?

A
  1. Humans always prefer new stimuli

2. Can accomodate for individual difference (use different mean time)

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18
Q

Infants can see at birth, but lack what?

A

visual acuity

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19
Q

How can we tell that infants lack visual acuity? What types of test is used?

A
  • via preferential looking

- using narrow stripes vs. plain field

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20
Q

For stationary objects, infants can best see what distance?

A

20-25 cm (perfect to see Mother)

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21
Q

At 6 months, visual acuity is at what level?

A

Near -adult levels

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22
Q

Colour vision in infants are initially______.

A

limited

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23
Q

At 2-3 months, infants’ vision start to perceive:

A

adult like colour categories

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24
Q

By 4-5 months, infants show what in terms o vision?

A

adult like colour preferences

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25
Q

Pattern recognition requires what types of processing?

A

Higher order processes

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26
Q

What is visual scanning?

A

How we visually track object details over time/space.

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27
Q

With visual scanning, what occurs at 1 month old?

A

Infants focus on one or two features of the object they’re viewing

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28
Q

With visual scanning, what occurs at 2-3 months?

A

develop more comprehensive methods of scanning visual objects

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29
Q

As infants get older, what do they tend to prefer in terms of visual stimulation?

A

More complex patterns

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30
Q

What happens when infants see edges or contrasts? (4)

A
  1. learn info on object boundaries
  2. learn about depth
  3. greater neural activation
  4. helps to developed pathways of pattern recognition
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31
Q

What are some reasons that infants are particularly interesting in faces? (7)

A
  1. 3D
  2. moving
  3. contrast
  4. visual and aural
  5. stimulation
  6. regulate their behaviour re baby’s activities
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32
Q

What is a ‘special’ stimulus for babies?

A

faces

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33
Q

Newborns < 3 months old showed a preference for what kind of face?

A

adult females faces judged attractive by adults

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34
Q

What part does sex play in infants preferences fro faces?

A

Prefer novel faces (new faces) of same sex as their own caregiver

35
Q

What do infants prefer in faces with smiles?

A

By 3 months, infants prefer smiling faces UNLESS the mother is depressed

36
Q

Do infants show a preference to look at their own race or difference?

A

They prefer to look at their own race

37
Q

What is the still face paradigm?

A

If the Mother suddenly shows an expressionless face, the baby will demonstrate significant distress

38
Q

What is one implication that the still face paradigm can have?

A

negative implications for babies of mothers with depression

39
Q

Define object constancy

A

The perception that an object remains constant, despite changes in the way it looks

40
Q

Conditioning studies suggest that infants have innate knowledge of what in relation to object constancy? (2)

A
  1. shape constancy

2. size constancy

41
Q

What is object constancy important?

A

Helps to maintain a stable, perceptual world

42
Q

What is the conditioned head-turn?

A

Rewards infant for turning head from side to side. If the child can recognise the stimulus, they should turn head only to that stimulus.

43
Q

What is object continuity? (1)

How is this tested? (2)

A
  1. That an object remain continuous even if part of it is out of sight
  2. moving rod task
44
Q

At 2-3 months, what do infants learn in regard to depth perception?

A

To focus on objects at different distances

45
Q

What age are adult levels of distance perception demonstrated at?

A

By 4 years

46
Q

What is one of the most famous study to examine distance/depth perception?

A

Visual cliff - if they have depth perception, they will show fear and not crawl.

47
Q

What is seen in 2 month olds who do the depth perception task?

A

They are curious/show no fear (heart rate actually decreases)

48
Q

What is seen in 6-14 months olds in the depth perception task?

A

won’t cross (heart rate increased)

49
Q

What might explain the learning in depth perception task in differences between 2 months to 6 months?

A

They start to move around by themselves, so they have to learn depth perception

50
Q

If looking at novel, attractive, interesting but not exciting stimuli that’s not exciting, what will you heart rate do

A

Decrease slightly

51
Q

What are kinetic cues and what age are they developed?

A

looking to moving objects. Developed at around 1-3 months

52
Q

Give an example of motion parallax (a visual depth, kinetic cue)

A

For example, if you are on a train, the things which are closer will be moving faster than those which are further away.

53
Q

What is interposition? (a visual depth, kinetic cue)

A

Closer objects obscure further objects.

54
Q

What are shadows as a visual depth kinetic cie?

A

Cast by closer objects (train) onto further objects (trees)

55
Q

What is a binocular depth cue?

A

If things are far away, the image will be the same on each eye. If super close, the image on each eye will be different.

56
Q

What age are binocular depth cues developed/

A

4-6 months

57
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

If there’s two parallel lines, they appear to converge in the distance

58
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

If you have many rows in a row, you’d think they are further together and then appear as closer far away (like at a winery)

59
Q

How can you test texture gradiant and linear perspective in infants?

A

By reaching tasks

60
Q

Is it harder to tell if infants are listening or looking?

A

Harder to tell if listening

61
Q

What are some habituation DVS you can use in auditory testing in infants?

A
  • turning head
  • change heart rate
  • change breathing rate
  • change in sucking rate
62
Q

What is high amplitude sucking used for

A

If a novel/interesting stimulus, high amplitude sucking rate will increase. With habituated, should be at normal level.

63
Q

Foetus’ can respond to sound as early as what age in utero?

A

24 weeks

64
Q

Can infants hear at birth? How do we know this?

A

Yes, respond with startle reflex, crying

65
Q

Do infants prefer complex or pure sounds?

A

complex melody

66
Q

After how many days can infants orient their heads to the direction of sound?

A

3 days

67
Q

What can infants detect in sound stream (music)?

A

rhythm

68
Q

What can infants detect at 6 months in relation to music?

A

tempo and melody

69
Q

What can infants detect at 9 months in relation to music?

A

melody complexity

70
Q

Do infants prefer consonant or dissonant music?

A

Consonant

71
Q

Are smell or taste developed when born, or are they developed after birth?

A

highly developed at birth

72
Q

At what age are newborns sense of smell stabilised by?

A

About 6 months

73
Q

How does taste preference change for infants?

A

At birth, infants prefer sweeter tastes. Salty is unpleasant and bitter is very unpleasant. After 4 months, start preferring salty to sweet

74
Q

How early do infants respond to touch?

A

8 weeks in utero

75
Q

What age do infants manually explore the feel of objects tailored to objects?

A

4-6 months

76
Q

What is haptic perception?

A

use of touch to explore objects.

77
Q

What is the most useful touch manipulation for infants?

A

oral manipulation as it is the most informative

78
Q

At what age to babies show adult like exploration with touch?

A

3 years

79
Q

How to infants respond to pain?

A

With distress

80
Q

What else may influence pain with infants?

A

Other peoples reactions

81
Q

It is hard to assess older children’s experience of pain. What do hospitals use to assess this?

A

Faces pain scale

82
Q

What is intermodal perception?

A

Combining input from difference senses to form a perception of unitary events or objects

83
Q

How is intermodal perception tested in infants?

A

Given either a smooth or bumpy dummy. Then shown a picture. Will look at the one they sucked on.

Lifespan and Developmental Psychology (11 decks)

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