Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plagues, Pests, and Politics > Week 9 - Insects and Law, Communication, and Agriculture > Flashcards

Week 9 - Insects and Law, Communication, and Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Key Points: Insects and Law

A
  • What is Oregon’s State Insect?
  • Why is fender’s blue and Oregon Silverspot endangered status ironic?
  • What are the functions of APHIS and EPA?
  • Define forensic entomology?
  • Give 3 ways in which FE can solve a case
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Oregon state insect

A

Oregon swallowtail butterfly

Papilio oregonus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the CITES treaty stand for?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the CITES treaty?

A

International treaty to regulate international trade in endangered species (plants and animals). Signed by US in 1975.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When was the Endangered Species Act passed?

A

1973 (Dec 28)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Endangered Species Act?

A

US law to regulate the import, export, sale, transport, or possession of endangered species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 2 endangered insect species in Oregon?

A
  • Fender’s blue and Oregon Silverspot butterflies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Irony of the endangered species in Oregon?

A

Endangered due to no-burn policies which are resulting in less prairie habitat as trees encroach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does APHIS stand for?

A

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does APHIS do?

A

Regulate the transport (import and export) of insects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Goals of APHIS

A
  • Protect against unauthorized entry of pests into the country
  • Coordinate and control region-wide pest-control programs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How APHIS implements its goals

A
  • Quarantines
  • Port of entry inspections
  • Logistical assistance in control programs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When was the EPA established?

A

1970

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When was the Federal Pesticide Act?

A

1978

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is forensic entomology?

A

The use of insects and other arthropods that inhabit decomposing remains to aid legal investigations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FE and murder cases

A
  • Time of death
  • Location of death
  • If corpse was moved after death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FE and controlled substances

A

Help determine origin of the substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Insect evidence: winter gnats

A

Important in the winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Insect evidence: soldier flies

A

Found late in the decomposition process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Insect evidence: humpbacked flies

A

Important in buried bodies. Some species can burrow to a depth of 50cm over 4 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Insect evidence: blowflies

A

One of the first to arrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Insect evidence: flesh flies

A

One of the first to arrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Insect evidence: rove beetles

A

Arrive a few hours after death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Insect evidence: Dermestids

A

Feed on dry skin and hairs (when body is dry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Insect evidence: Hister beetles

A

Found in stages of decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Insect evidence: carrion beetles

A

Feed on maggots and carrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Insect evidence: mites

A

Found under bodies in soil in seepage area

28
Q

How insects are used with Post Mortem Interval

A
  • Type of insect

* Stage of development

29
Q

How insects are used regarding location of murder

A
  • Species present

* Finding an insect not normally found at body site suggests it has been moved

30
Q

How insects are used regarding drugs

A
  • Can be sequestered from insects on the body
31
Q

Key Points: Insect Communication

A
  • What is the difference between semiochemicals and pheromones
  • Describe two modes of action of pheromones
  • How can sex pheromones improve our food quality
  • Name 3 pheromones and how they work
  • Define Intra specific and Interspecific
  • How does an HIPV work
32
Q

3 types of semiochemicals

A
  • Kairomones
  • Allomones
  • Pheromones
33
Q

Kairomone attributes

A
  • Advantage to the receiver

* Inter-species specific

34
Q

Allomones

A
  • Advantage to the sender

* Inter-species specific

35
Q

Pheromones

A

Intra-specific

36
Q

What are pheromones?

A

A chemical signal released outside the body of the producer that affects the physiology or behavior of a receiving individual of the same species.

37
Q

How are pheromones produced?

A
  • From exocrine glands
  • Produced in liquid form
  • Can be released as streams, droplets, thin films, aerosols
  • Creates “active space”
38
Q

Pheromone modes of action: Releasers

A

Has immediate effect on central nervous system and behavior of the receiving animal

39
Q

Pheromone modes of action: Primers

A

Triggers a chain of psychological-developmental events that can take days-weeks before a response is seen

40
Q

5 types/classes of pheromones

A
  • sex
  • trail
  • alarm
  • aggregation
  • “social”
41
Q

Sex Pheromones: function and details

A
  • Function: gender attraction
  • Usually females calling to males, sometimes males calling to females
  • Rarely are attractants released by both genders
42
Q

Sex Pheromones: human uses

A
  • Chemistry known for hundreds of species
  • Uses: insect monitoring and control (male confusion)
    (* Side-effect: spraying/using pest pheromones can attract some predator species, furthering the effects of the control)
43
Q

How pheromones affect food quality (and example)

A
  • Using pheromones instead of pesticides improves the quality of our food.
  • Vine mealybug (native of Mediterranean, spreading through CA) controlled by spraying vines with sex pheromone. Males can’t find females, so less pesticide needs to be used on those plots.
44
Q

Trail Pheromones: function and details

A
  • Function: orientation to and from the nest along foraging trails
  • Common in social insects such as ants and termites, and also such as tent caterpillars
  • Volatile (maintenance follows availability of the forage)
  • Sources: tarsal glands, abdominal glands, venom
45
Q

Alarm Pheromones: function and details

A
  • Functions:
    1) Defense (used to recruit nest-mates)
    2) Dispersal (such as used by aphids)
  • Common in social insects and aggregate feeders
  • Volatile
46
Q

Aggregation Pheromones: function and details

A
  • Functions:
  • announces food sources to conspecifics
  • can also be anti-aggregation when sufficient individuals are present
  • Known in bark beetles and some desert grasshoppers
47
Q

Conspecifics

A

Members of the same species

48
Q

HIPV stands for

A

Herbivore Induced Plant Volatile

49
Q

HIPV function

A
  • Released by plants when herbivores feed on them
  • Alerts natural enemies and increases bio-control
  • Ex: winter green
50
Q

Social Pheromones: function and details

A
  • Function: Chemo-sterilization; suppresses ovarian development
  • Best known in Hymenoptera, especially honey bees
  • Known as the “Queen Substance”
  • Excreted from the mandibular glands of a gyne
  • When worker bees come into contact with the queen, the chemical is transmitted and sterilizes the workers
51
Q

Gyne

A

Female queen bee?

52
Q

Key Points: Insects and Agriculture

A
  • What are the limitations of the wheat, rice, and corn paradigms
  • What is the function of the clonal repositories?
  • How important are pest insects in world food production?
  • What are the attributes/problems of 1st world agriculture?
  • How will the loss of pesticides affect our economy?
53
Q

Biggest 3 of 29 major food crops

A

Wheat, rice, and corn

54
Q

Function of clonal repositories

A

Store seed (germoplasm) stock as survival insurance against future disasters

55
Q

Current world population

A

7+ billion

56
Q

% of world population involved with food production

A

50%

57
Q

% of world population inadequately nourished

A

20%-25%

58
Q

% of world mortality rate related to malnutrition

A

33%

59
Q

Problems with ag in developed world

A
  • Overproduction of key crops, due to imbalance of subsidies and politics
  • Specialization (mono-culture in companies and crops)
  • elevated energy inputs: fertilizers and pesticides
  • Low # of production farmers
60
Q

Problems with ag in developing world

A

Famine, political instability

61
Q

Primary causes of famine

A
  • Climate (weather challenges)
  • Soil fertility (soil erosion)
  • Pests (20% crop losses)
62
Q

Constraints to growth in ag

A
  • Biological (affecting rice and corn in particular)
  • Technological (resistance to GMOs)
  • Societal (shift to urbanization, away from ag)
63
Q

What makes an insect a pest?

A
  • Conflicts with human interests such as
  • growing plants
  • storing food
  • vectors of disease
  • Ecosystem simplification (ecological instability)
  • Transportation ease (intentional and unintentional)
  • Human attitudes
64
Q

American Indian Homily

A 
One for the bug, 
one for the crow,
one to rot,
and 2 to grow
(20% insect damage)
65
Q

Impacts on Economy

A
  • “Farming is big business, money is object, food is by-product”
  • Insects compete with our pocketbooks, not just bellies
  • Current thought: use fertilizers and pesticides or starve - N.E. Borlaug, founder of Green Revolution, Nobel laureate
  • We will become significantly poorer without the use of chemical compounds
    Zilberman, et al. (1991), Science

Plagues, Pests, and Politics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions