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Plagues, Pests, and Politics > Week 2 - Evolution and Insect Products > Flashcards

Week 2 - Evolution and Insect Products Flashcards

1
Q

Insect Evolution: Key Points

A
  • Natural Selection
  • Importance of Paleoentomology
  • Evolutionary Time frames
  • Important Events
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2
Q

Importance of DNA

A

DNA is the “ladder of life”, can change on a continuous basis, adapting to new environments

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3
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • Defined our current understanding of species evolution and natural selection
  • British, lived in 1800’s
  • Interested in botany and entomology
  • Wrote “The Origin of Species” 1859
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4
Q

Alfred Russell Wallace

A
  • Independently concluded that evolution happens through natural selection
  • British, lived in 1800’s
  • Interested in botany and entomology
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5
Q

Definition of Natural Selection (Darwin)

A

The principle by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved.

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6
Q

Evolution via Natural Selection

A
  • “Survival of the Fittest”
  • “survival” = getting your genes into the next generation
  • “fittest” = those who are able to get their genes into the next generation
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7
Q

Natural Selection: Selective Pressure

A

Forces (usually environmental change) that select in favor of individuals best suited to survive the change, and against those who are not able to.

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8
Q

Natural Selection: Differential Reproduction (the 5 Principles of Natural Selection: Natality, Variability, Survivorship, Heritability, Time)

A
  • Natality - more individuals are born into a generation than will survive and reproduce
  • Variability - there is variation between individuals in any given population
  • Survivorship - individuals with certain characteristics have a better chance of surviving and passing along their genes
  • Heritability - some of the characteristics responsible for differential reproduction are genetically mediated
  • Time - enormous amount of time are involved in evolutionary change
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9
Q

Paleoentomology

A
  • Bugs don’t make good fossils; only about 1% of Class Insecta has a fossil record
  • Best-preserved insect fossils are in ambers
  • Fossils show 55 extinct orders of insects
  • Fossils can be used to trace insect evolution
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10
Q

Paleoentomology: Phylogeny

A

A “family tree” based on morphological and structural similarities between groups, establishing an ancestral lineage, providing an understanding of how all living things are connected.

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11
Q

Time Frames (micro-evolution, speciation, macro-evolution)

A
  • Micro-evolution - changes in populations over decades
  • Speciation - changes that result in new species over hundreds of thousands of years
  • Macro-evolution - major changes in phylogenetic patterns over long time scales (millions of years) and broad geographic regions
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12
Q

Important Events (8 major periods in earth evolution)

A
  • Earth - 4.5 billion years old
  • Precambrian era (prokaryotes) - 3.1 bya
  • Cambrian era (metazoans) - 600 mya; first abundant fossils
  • Silurian Period - 425 mya; invasion of land by arthropods
  • Devonian Period - 400 mya; first true insects
  • Carboniferous Period - 345 mya; first great radiation of insects
  • Cretaceous Period - 135 mya; second great radiation of insects
  • Tertiary Period - 63 mya; dominance of land by mammals, birds, and insects
  • Quaternary Period - 2 mya; first Homo
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13
Q

Important Events: When/how insects evolved

A
  • Evolved from the Annelids (worms)
  • Evolved 400 mya
  • Devonian Period
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14
Q

Oldest Insect orders

A
  • Apterygotes (wingless)
  • Thysanura (bristle tails and silverfish)
  • Collembola (spring tails)
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15
Q

Most Advanced Insect Orders

A
  • Coleoptera - 250,000 species
  • Lepidoptera - 120,000 species
  • Hymenoptera - 89,000 species
  • Diptera - 78,000 species
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16
Q

Important Events: Big 4 (origin, wings, flexion, metamorphosis)

A
  • Origin of insects - 400 mya
  • Wings (paleopterous) - 350 mya
  • Wing flexion/folding (neopterous) - 300 mya
  • Complete metamorphosis - 290 mya
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17
Q

Insect Products: Key Concepts

A

What are the following, and who makes them?

  • Sericulture by moths
  • Lac by scale insects
  • Paper and Ink by wasps
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18
Q

Instar

A

a developmental stage of arthropods (like insects), between each molt until maturity is reached

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19
Q

Filature

A

process of drawing fibers into threads, esp the process of reeling raw silk from cocoons

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20
Q

Sericulture: who makes

A
  • Made by Giant Silkworm moth family
  • Silkworm moths from Order Lepidoptera
  • The “commercialized” silkworm moth species is Bombyx mori (native of Asia)
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21
Q

Sericulture: definition and origin

A
  • The propagation of silkworm moths and their host plants.

* Started in China about 4000 years ago, spread to Japan about 2100 years ago, and Europe about 1500 years ago

22
Q

Sericulture: process

A
  • Adults mate
  • Females lay eggs on paper
  • Instar larvae feed on mulberry leaves
  • Mature larvae spin cocoons
  • The cocoons then undergo filature
  • End product is silk
23
Q

Lac: what is it, and origin

A
  • A resin produced in flaky layers or shells, and used to make varnish, phonographic records, insulation, and other things.
  • Process developed by Maya and Aztec
24
Q

Lac: what makes it

A
  • Made by scale insects, Order Homoptera, Family Coccidae
  • 2000 species
  • Have a phytophageous life style (“sap tappers”)
25
Q

Lac: scale insects of economic importance

A
  • LAC scale
  • Cactus scale (for Cochineal dye)
  • Kermes scale (for Kermes dye)
26
Q

Lac: about the Cochineal (from cactus scale)

A
  • Females are wingless, males are winged
  • Feed on cactus
  • Native to S America and Mexico
27
Q

Lac: how it is made

A
  • Females produce carminic acid as defense, extracted from bodies and eggs
  • Cochineal extract - raw coloring made from crushed insects
  • Carmine - purified coloring made by boiling the crushed insects with solvents
  • Used to color food, makeup, cloth, wool, paint, ink
  • 155,000 insects used to make one kg of dye
28
Q

Paper and ink: wasps

A
  • Order Hymenoptera, Family Vespidae
  • Social wasps: yellow jackets and hornets
  • Evolved about 70 mya
29
Q

Paper and ink: nests

A
  • Made out of cellulose, similar to paper
30
Q

Paper origin

A
  • Developed in China about 1800 years ago
  • 800’s in Arab world
  • Moorish Spain - 1150 AD
  • England - 1590 AD
31
Q

Ink

A
  • Produced from oak galls
32
Q

Galls

A
  • Physical growth by a plant in response to an insect laying eggs in the plant tissue, in this case a wasp of Genus Cynips gallae-tinctoriae
  • Oak leaves develop galls from gall wasp
33
Q

Products of the Hive: Key Points

A
  • History of Beekeeping
  • Modern Apiculture (removable frames, bee space)
  • Honeybee Products (honey, beeswax, pollen, venom, royal jelly, pollination services)
34
Q

History of Beekeeping

A
  • Prehistoric man collected honey
  • Oldest apiculture records are Egyptian
  • Honeybees were brought to Western Hemisphere in 1622
  • Before 1853, hives used were called “skep” hives, the cone-shaped/”wound” hives; harvest was destructive and inefficient
35
Q

Primary bee specie

A
  • Apis mellifera
  • 2 biotypes used: European and African
  • 27 subspecies in the world
36
Q

Apiculture

A

The management of honeybees

37
Q

Modern Apiculture

A
  • Began 1853 with publication of “The Hive and the Honeybee” by L.L. Langstroth, considered the “father” of modern beekeeping
  • Established bee space, top-opening hives, and removable frames
38
Q

Bee Space

A

Between 1/4” and 3/8”; too much space and they attach combs to the walls, too little, and they don’t create combs

39
Q

Honey: constitution

A

About 17% water, 82.5% sugar (glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose), .5% protein/vitamins/minerals

40
Q

Honey: how it’s produced

A
  • Produced from plant nectar, mostly from flowers.
  • Nectar comes from phloem sap, a dilute solution of sucrose
  • For bees to make the honey, the nectar is dehydrated and undergoes enzymatic “inversion”, breaking sucrose down into glucose and fructose
41
Q

Honey: uses

A
  • First sweetener
  • First alcoholic beverage (mead)
  • US produces 200 million pounds per year (2 billion lbs worldwide)
  • US consumption: 1 lb/person/yr (Germany = 4)
  • Also used in pharmacy and cosmetics
42
Q

Beeswax: uses

A
  • Cosmetics
  • Candles
  • Beekeeping uses
43
Q

Beeswax: how it’s produced

A
  • Comes from 4 pairs of sub-dermal glands underneath abdomen of worker bees.
  • Produced when bees 10-18 days old
  • Produced as small, translucent flakes
44
Q

Beeswax: components

A

Over 300 identified individual components

45
Q

Royal jelly: definition

A

Glandular secretions of young worker bees (4-10 days old) by hypopharyngeal gland in the head, used as food for larval bees.

46
Q

Royal jelly: composition

A
  • 66% water
  • 14% protein
  • 14% carbohydrates
  • 5% lipids
47
Q

Bee venom: uses and composition

A
  • Used to desensitize people who work with bees

* Mixture of proteins and peptides

48
Q

Pollen: definition and uses

A
  • Plant male gametophyte (reproductive structure that carries sperm)
  • Direct food source for older larvae
  • Indirect food source for royal jelly
49
Q

Pollen: composition

A
  • Protein: up to 28%
  • Lipid: up to 20% (usually <5%)
  • Sterols, sugars, starches, minerals, vitamins
50
Q

Pollination Services

A
  • Greatest economic value of beekeeping

* US: $15 billion/year

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