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Plagues, Pests, and Politics > Week 5 - Insect Communication and Control > Flashcards

Week 5 - Insect Communication and Control Flashcards

1
Q

What insect order uses bioluminescence?

A

Coleoptera (beetles)

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2
Q

Bioluminescence is used for? (by fireflies, by glow worms)

A

Fireflies - Sexual communication

Glow worms - Predation

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3
Q

% of firefly’s light given as light (vs heat)

A

Nearly 100%

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4
Q

Genus Photuris entymology

A

“Tail light” (photos = light; ouron = tail)

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5
Q

Genus Photinus entymology

A

“Little tail light” (diminutive form)

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6
Q

Synchronous-Aggregate Flashing (what is it, purpose)

A

Multiple individuals will flash in unison or generally in groups for the purpose of optimizing energy use

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7
Q

Are glow worms beetles or flies?

A

Some are the larvae of beetles, some the larvae of flies - only produce light as larvae

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8
Q

Phengodidae

A

Family of beetle glow worms (Species Zarhipis integripennis)

  • Predator of millipedes
  • Light from each body segment
  • Bioluminescence from embryo-larva-larvaform adult females (males do not glow)
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9
Q

Lampyridae

A

Family of beetle glow worms (Species Pterotus obscuripennis)

  • predator of snails
  • light from a terminal body segment
  • Bioluminescence from embryo-larva-larvaform adult females (males do not glow)
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10
Q

Which order is known best for “singing”?

A

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)

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11
Q

Other orders that make sound?

A

Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Isoptera

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12
Q

Functions of acoustic behavior

A
  • Reproduction (mate attraction, or territorial display)
  • Repellency (hissing cockroaches)
  • Defense alarm (termites)
  • Food gathering (parasitism)
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13
Q

Mechanism for sound - Stridulation

A

Rubbing of one body part against another (grasshoppers, beetles, etc.)

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14
Q

Mechanism for sound - Vibration

A
  • Vibration of special membranes - tymbals (cicadas)

* Vibration of wings or thorax (incidental sounds)

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15
Q

Mechanism for sound - Striking

A

Striking against a substrate (damp wood termites)

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16
Q

Mechanism for sound - Ejection of Air

A

Hissing cockroach

17
Q

Temporal song separation (when do singers sing?)

A
  • Night (katydids)
  • Day (grasshoppers)
  • Day or Night (crickets)
18
Q

Chorus singers

A

More than one individual singing simultaneously in unison or alternating

19
Q

Bio-control

A

The use of a pest insect’s natural insect enemies for its control.

20
Q

Two types (classes) of bio-control insects

A
  • Predators

* Parasitoids

21
Q

Examples (2) of predator insects

A
  • Ladybird beetle adults and larve
  • Asian weaver ants
  • Lacewings
22
Q

Earliest known insect used as bio-control agent

A

Asian weaver ant

23
Q

Examples of parasitoid insects

A
  • Fly (single larvae develops inside the host)
  • Wasp (lays multiple eggs inside bee larvae)
  • Velvet ants (wingless wasps)
24
Q

Polyembryony

A

Laying multiple eggs by a parasitoid insect within its host

25
Q

Advantages of Biological Control

A
  • Self-perpetuating
  • Pest specific
  • Density dependent
  • Cost effective
  • Environmentally compatible
26
Q

Density dependence

A

As the pest population increases, the biological control species most likely increases as well

27
Q

Constraints of Biological Control

A
  • Not immediately effective (can take years)
  • Not necessarily eradicative (not necessarily a bad thing)
  • Bio-control agents unknown for many species
  • Doesn’t always work – One out of 4 attempts have been successful (better than some pest development trials)
28
Q

What makes an effective bio-control agent?

A
  • Very prey-specific
  • Needs to develop own population quickly with respect to the prey species (mulivoltine)
  • Well adapted to the environment of pest species
  • Needs to have an excellent searching ability
29
Q

What is Classical Biological Control?

A

Import an exotic natural enemy into a new environment where the pest is
(100 success in past 100 years)

30
Q

What is the process for Classical Biological Control?

A
  • foreign exploration
  • quarantine processing
  • mass propagation
  • field colonization (release)
  • evaluation of impact
31
Q

Example of insect that controls weeds

A

Cinnabar moth

32
Q

Biocontrol agents that control tansy

A
  • Cinnabar moth

* Tansy ragwort flea beetle (prevents plants from flowering through feeding, introduced 1969)

33
Q

Alternative biocontrol agents (insect pathogens)

A
  • Viruses (Japanese Beetle milky disease)
  • Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis)
  • Microsporidians (against grasshoppers)
  • Entomopathogenic fungi
  • Entomopathogenic nematodes
34
Q

Alternative biocontrol agents (chemicals)

A
  • Milky Spore powder attacks larvae stage of Japanese Beetles
35
Q

Process to develop insect pathogens

A

Find diseased larvae, bring into lab to rear both larvae and pathogen and re-release the pathogen.

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