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Plagues, Pests, and Politics > Week 6 - Insect Control, Entomophagy, Heros > Flashcards

Week 6 - Insect Control, Entomophagy, Heros Flashcards

1
Q

Key Points: Chemical Control

A
  • Important ancient pesticides
  • Botanical insecticides
  • Underlying reason for development of synthetic insecticides
  • Advantages/Disadvantages of DDT
  • Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
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2
Q

Ancient/early insecticides (4 groups)

A
  • tobacco and other botanicals
  • soapsuds
  • fish and whale oil (“dormant oil”)
  • dusts: charcoal, soot, sulfur & ground tobacco, lime powder, plaster of Paris
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3
Q

Botanicals as insecticides (4)

A
  • tobacco
  • rotenone
  • hellebore
  • pyrethrum (from a daisy Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium)
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4
Q

First synthetic insecticides (4)

A
  • Bordeaux mix
  • Paris Green
  • Elementals
  • Hydrocyanic gas
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5
Q

Tobacco

A

A botanical, used as an early insecticide

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6
Q

Soapsuds

A

Used as an early insecticide (and still is)

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7
Q

Fish and whale oil (“dormant oil”)

A

Used as an early insecticide

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8
Q

Dust( charcoal, soot, sulfur, ground tobacco, lime powder, plaster of Paris)

A

Used as early insecticides

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9
Q

Bordeaux mix

A
  • Hydrated lime and copper sulfate

* One of the first synthetic insecticides

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10
Q

Paris Green

A
  • Copper acetoarsenite

* One of the first synthetic insecticides

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11
Q

Elementals (antimony, arsenic, mercury, selenium)

A
  • Of the first synthetic insecticides
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12
Q

Hydrocyanic gas

A
  • A fumigant in citrus, ca. 1880

* One of the first synthetic insecticides

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13
Q

ARBOR disease definition and examples

A
  • Arthropod Borne disease
  • Malaria, typhus, dengue fever, encephalitis
  • Spurred effort to control insects
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14
Q

DDT (about)

A

Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane

  • Created in Germany in late 1800’s
  • Used heavily in US between 1941 and 1976
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15
Q

DDT (advantages)

A
  • Kills a huge variety of insects
  • Simple/cheap to manufacture
  • Lasts a long time in the environment - effective a long time in the environment
  • Low effect on mammals (including humans)
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16
Q

DDT (disadvantages)

A
  • So effective, it was overused/abused
  • Persistence in the environment means bio-magnification and bio-accumulation (fish eat contaminated food, eagles eat contaminated fish)
  • The above is what lead to health effects
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17
Q

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

A

Similar in structure to DDT, very persistent, spreading widely in the environment

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18
Q

Organophosphates

A

Less persistent insecticides, but very toxic to birds and mammals
(Malathion, Parathion)

19
Q

Problems with synthetic insecticides

A
  • Non-specific (kills pests and beneficials)
  • Overuse/buildup
  • Development of resistance in target insects (resulting in overuse)
20
Q

4th Generation Insecticides (description and examples)

A
  • More target pest specific
  • Growth/hormone inhibitors
  • GMO plants (problems with resistance)
21
Q

Integrated Pest Management

A
  • Multiple methods used at once

* Natural and chemical means of control

22
Q

Key Points: Insects in Your Diet

A
  • What are Defect Action Levels
  • 2-3 examples of Entomophagy
  • Rationale for Entomophagy
    • Efficiency of energy conversion between conventional food sources and insects
    • Nutritional levels between conventional food sources and insects
23
Q

Edible Arthropods from the sea

A

Shrimp, lobsters, crab

24
Q

What are Defect Action Levels? (examples)

A
  • Cherries - 4%
  • Peaches - 5%
  • Peanut butter - 30 fragments/100g
  • Tomatoes - 10 fruit fly eggs/500g
25
Q

Why are there Defect Action Levels?

A

Economically impractical to grow and distribute raw food without defects (including insects).

26
Q

How DALs are set

A

By market tolerance

27
Q

Weight of insects the average American eats in lifetime

A

1 lb

28
Q

Examples of entomophagy (know 2-3 min.)

A
  • Asian weaver ants
  • Beetles
  • Crickets
  • Silkworm moth pupae
  • Bamboo worms
  • Hornet larvae
  • Grasshoppers
29
Q

Rationale for Entomophagy

A
  • World protein crisis
  • Losing farm land (7,863 acres per day from 1999 to 2009)
  • Food security
  • Alleviate poverty
  • Dietary quality
30
Q

Energy Conversion (chicken, sheep&lamb, beef, hogs, fish)

A
  • chicken: 38-40%
  • sheep&lamb: 5%
  • beef: 10%
  • hogs: 20%
  • fish: 20%
31
Q

Energy Conversion (grasshoppers, bed bugs, silkworm larvae, beetles, screw worm fly larvae, termites)

A
  • grasshoppers: 12%
  • bed bugs: 40%
  • silkworm larvae: 31%
  • beetles: 40%
  • screw worm fly larvae: 36%
  • termites: 68%
32
Q

Nutritional Value (beef, pork, fish, eggs, milk)

A
  • beef: 17-19%protein, 16-25%fat, 0%carbs
  • pork: 15-17%protein, 23-31%fat, 0%carbs
  • fish: 19%protein, 5%fat, 0%carbs
  • eggs: 13%protein, 12%fat, 1%carbs
  • milk: 4%protein, 4%fat, 5%carbs
33
Q

Nutritional Value (termites, grasshoppers, fly pupae)

A
  • termites: 33%protein, 33%fat, 0%carbs
  • grasshoppers: 15-46%protein, 2-10%fat, 7%carbs
  • fly pupae: 63%protein, 16%fat, 0%carbs
34
Q

Key Points: Insect Impacts on Society

A
  • Biotech
  • Business (different types)
  • Philosophy
  • Taxonomy
  • Disease control
35
Q

Insect that is the basis of biotech as we know it

A
  • Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster
36
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  • Monk from mid-1800’s who pioneered DNA-based plant propagation
37
Q

Reasons to use fruit flies in genetic manipulation (8)

A
  • Small size (easy to rear lots in a small space, pose no danger)
  • Cost efficient
  • Short life span (time efficient)
  • Stable population (ubiquitous and expendable)
  • Selected matings easily controlled
  • Experimental “confounds” can be easily reduced
  • Allow for intricate experiments requiring large datasets
  • Results are easily generalized
38
Q

Top 5 Biotech companies

A 
US:
* Amgen
* Genentech
* Genzyme
* Gilead Sciences
Belgium:
* UCB
39
Q

Gompertz Law

A
  • “The risk of death grows exponentially as we age until reaching 100%.”
    Fruit flies have been used for life table studies, which are used by insurance companies to set insurance rates based on age and gender.
    Higher risk = higher cost
40
Q

Morgan & Muller

A

Discovered that x-rays and other short-wave radiation drastically increased genetic mutation frequency.

41
Q

Aesop

A
  • Greek who lived 2500 years ago
  • A slave, deformed
  • A poet who used insects in homilies (more than 25)
42
Q

Aristotle

A
  • Founded entomology as a science
  • Gave first functional system of insect classification
  • Gave first dichotomous identification system (one based on wings, one on mouth parts)
43
Q

Baghdad Boils

A

ARBOR disease, vectored by a true fly in Diptera
- Lutzomyia longipalpis
Just by controlling this one fly, can control the disease

Plagues, Pests, and Politics (9 decks)

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