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Plagues, Pests, and Politics > Week 8 - Bugs as Bombs, Entomological Evangelisms > Flashcards

Week 8 - Bugs as Bombs, Entomological Evangelisms Flashcards

1
Q

Bugs as Bombs: Key Points

A
  • Which principles used by insects in general and social insects in particular influenced warfare
  • What principle do bee-boles make use of?
  • In the Vietnam War: Cu Chi what principle was used against US troops
  • In which way did the hessian fly undermine the Americans in the revolutionary war?
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2
Q

Attributes of insects that model warfare (3)

A
  • Spears (stings/weapons)
  • Poison (venom/bombs&poisons)
  • Discipline (such as with social insects
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3
Q

Stinging insect Order

A

Hymenoptera

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4
Q

Alogenic

A

Producing pain (venom)

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5
Q

Reasons wasps and ants use venom

A

Food gathering and defense

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6
Q

Reasons bees use venom

A

Defense only

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7
Q

The original “cluster bomb”

A

Social insects - lots of individuals in a compact space

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8
Q

Medieval bio-warfare

A
  • Bee skeps kept in bee boles behind castle walls, then thrown onto attackers over the wall.
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9
Q

Vietnam bio-warfare (in Cu Chi)

A
  • Viet cong used booby traps attached to wasps nests, which would break the nests open, and attack the soldiers who would then stumble into additional booby traps that would kill them
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10
Q

When were Hessian flies used as bio-warfare?

A

American Revolutionary War

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11
Q

What is a Hessian and what were they used for?

A
  • A native from the Hesse state of Germany.
  • Hired as mercenaries in the Revolutionary War.
  • Spread Hessian flies as bio-warfare
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12
Q

What is a Hessian fly?

A

Order Diptera, a gall midge that lays eggs in stems of wheat. Larvae feed on the stem, killing the plant.

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13
Q

Key Points: Gypsy Moths in Paradise

A
  • Ballooning
  • Sexual dimorphism
  • What preventative measure is most effective for a pest such as Gypsy Moths (GM)
  • What is the biggest behavioral difference between GM and Asian GM (AGM)
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14
Q

GM is a native of?

A

Eurasia

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15
Q

GM Taxonomy

A

Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Lymantridae
Genus: Lymantria
Species: dispar (L.)

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16
Q

GM are hemi- or holometabolous?

A

Holometabolous (egg-larvae-pupae-adult)

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17
Q

Herbiverous

A

Leaf eater in larval stage

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18
Q

Univoltine

A

Producing one brood per season

19
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Genders are different colors/appearance

20
Q

GM dimorphism (male vs. female)

A

Males are brown, females are white

21
Q

Phototatic

A

The movement of an organism or a cell toward or away from a source of light.
- positive = towards the light; negative = away from the light

22
Q

Geotactic

A

The movement of a motile (mobile) organism toward or away from a gravitational force
- positive = towards it (down); negative = away from it (up)

23
Q

GM larvae phototactic movement

A

Positive

24
Q

GM larvae geotactic movement

A

Negative

25
Q

Ballooning

A

An organism is dispersed by being blown around by threads it creates on the wind

26
Q

Effective preventative measure(s)

A
  • Quarantines (limiting wood movement)

* Pathogens (Bt - takes multiple applications, Streptococcus faecalis, nucleopolyhedrosis virus (“Gypchek”))

27
Q

Oregon’s GM control program

A
  • Quarantine
  • Public education
  • Pesticidal intervention
  • Mass trapping
  • Identification of human immigration (?)
28
Q

Why quarantine?

A

Natural spread is slower than actual spread - due to human influence

29
Q

Asian (Eurasian) Gypsy Moth

A

Same species as Gypsy Moth but different race/sub-species/bio-type

30
Q

AGM differences over GM

A
  • Females can fly 20-30 miles (GM females can’t fly far)
  • Prefer conifers (GM prefer oaks)
  • Difficult to tell difference between the two races
31
Q

Key Points: Trade and Pests

A
  • ID 3 species: Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB), Spotted-winged Drosophila/Vinegar Fly (SWD), Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB)
  • What is the underlying reason why problems like CPB develops
  • Which of the 3 species above switched hosts
  • Which species attacks small fruit
  • Which species affects fruits, veges, and nurseries
32
Q

Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) (and potato) History

A
  • Originated in Mexico, feeding on burweeds
  • Burweeds were carried north into US on cattle introduced by the Spanish, seeds picked up by bison which carried the seeds further north (in Great Plains by 1820)
  • Potatoes brought to England around 1580. Seed stock sent from Ireland to US in 1719.
  • (Hypothesis) CPB encountered potatoes around 1820
  • 1859 made switch to potatoes
  • 1875 CPB crossed to England and spread throughout Europe
33
Q

Mexican PB vs. American PB

A
  • Mexican: Eat burweed, yellow larvae

* American: Eat potatoes, red larvae

34
Q

Why did CPB switch from burweed to potatoes?

A

Found a dominant gene in the potato-eating beetles for eating potatoes.

35
Q

What is the underlying reason for problems like the CPB?

A

Partly genetics, but mostly due to anthropocentric reasons - people moving biomass around the globe where they didn’t evolve.

36
Q

CPB ID

A
  • Red larvae
  • Feeds on potatoes
  • Eggs laid on underside of leaves (about 20)
  • Adults have brown head and thorax with black spots, black and white striped wings
37
Q

SWD host plants in PNW

A

blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, and cherries

38
Q

SWD (Drosophila suzukii) History

A
  • A pest throughout Asia, discovered in 1919 in Japan
  • First in CA in 2008
  • In PNW in 2009
39
Q

SWD current spread

A
  • West coast and FL
40
Q

SWD ID

A
  • Lays eggs in fruit
  • sort of fruit-fly-like with black spot on wings (can have multiple spots/mottled wings)
  • Large red eyes
41
Q

BMSB host plants

A
  • Fruits, veges, nurseries
42
Q

BMSB spread

A
  • currently scattered lightly through Midwest, West, and both coasts
43
Q

BMSB ID

A
  • Looks like a soldier bug; has black patch at base of back

Plagues, Pests, and Politics (9 decks)

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