Week 9- Endocrine

Question 1

what r hormones

Answer 1

Hormones are chemicals released by glands, in small amounts, that travel in
the bloodstream.

Question 2

how do hormones work

Answer 2

The hormones bind to specific receptors on cells in target organs.

This triggers a response in the target cell, resulting in a change of activity.

Question 3

examples of some hormones

Answer 3

insulin
Glucagon
Adrenalin
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
Thyroxine
Oxytocin
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH

Question 4

what is homeostasis

Answer 4

maintain an equilibrium within the
body to allow optimum functioning of
physiological systems

Question 5

3 types of hormones and their half lives

Answer 5

Amines: approx 1 day
Peptides: minutes-hour
Steroid: hours

Question 6

some endocrine system glands

Answer 6

Skin
Kidney
Liver
Intestines
Heart

Question 7

what is the master gland

Answer 7

Pituitary Gland:
Small bean sized structure, found at
the base of the brain and has 2 parts
an anterior & posterior
*It is found close to the hypothalamus

Question 8

adh full form

Answer 8

anti diuretic hormone

Question 9

why is adh released

Answer 9

released when the body is dehydrated where the volume of
water in blood plasma has dropped.

Question 10

how does adh work

Answer 10

hypothalamus triggers the release
of ADH from the posterior pituitary
into the blood stream

target organ is the kidney

Urine output is reduced as water is
retained in the blood

helps to return water levels back
towards normal. This is an example of negative feedback

the walls of the nephrons reabsorb
water from the forming urine and return it back to the
bloodstream

Question 11

where is thyroid gland found

Answer 11

neck

Question 12

how does thyroid regulation work

Answer 12

If levels of thyroid hormone drop,
hypothalamus releases TRH, which in turn triggers the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH into the blood.

thyroid gland responds by secreting
thyroid hormones T3 & T4 into the blood

Increased metabolic rate and increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, triggers the cessation of flow of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the pituitary
gland

Question 13

when is oxytocin released

Answer 13

*Released during labour to increase
uterine contractions

*helps lactates when baby begins to suckle via let down reflex

Question 14

FSH full form and function

Answer 14

*Follicle stimulating hormone
*Released early in the menstrual cycle days 1-10
*Triggers the maturation of a follicle into an ovum in the ovary

Question 15

LH full form and function

Answer 15

*Luteinising hormone
*sharp rise in LH around days 12-14
*causes the ovum to be released from the ovary (ovulation)

Question 16

what is insulin

Answer 16

A peptide hormone secreted by
the pancreas, in response to
increased glucose in the blood

Question 17

how does insulin work

Answer 17

Binds to receptors on cell
membranes in liver and muscle cells

Question 18

how is glucose stored

Answer 18

*The cells of the liver and muscle
cells respond by taking in more
glucose and converting it to
glycogen for storage
*More conversion of glucose into
fat in adipose cells

Question 19

wht type of disease is diabetes

Answer 19

diabetes is a chronic disease

Question 20

types of diabetes

Answer 20

type I and type II (mellitus diabetes)

Question 21

common symptoms of diabetes

Answer 21

• Increased thirst and hunger
• Need to urinate excessively
• Tiredness
• Weight loss
• Presence of glucose in the urine, which can
  lead to frequent UTIs & genital itching &
  regular episodes of thrush.
• Blurred vision
• Changes in sensation due to nerve damage.

Question 22

how does type 1 diabetes affect body

Answer 22

*Pancreas is unable to produce
insulin
*It may result as an autoimmune
response, the body’s immune
system attacks its own cells

Question 23

controls for type 1 diabetes

Answer 23

• Controlled by injections or
  infusions of insulin 2 or four times
  a day.
  *cannot be taken by mouth because it is a polypeptide so would be digested.
• Blood sugar levels need to be
  checked regularly.
• dose of insulin must be
  matched exactly to the glucose
  intake.
• Unconsciousness result if too
  much insulin is taken; the blood
  glucose level can drop too low.

Question 24

how does type 2 diabetes affect body

Answer 24

*Insulin receptors on the cell membrane lose their responsiveness to insulin. Also could be due to an inadequate supply
of insulin

Question 25

control for type 2 diabetes

Answer 25

• Controlled by lifestyle choices.
• Diet and exercise are critical in
  regulating the intake of carbohydrate.
• Matching intake to the amount of
  exercise taken.
• Also need to take insulin or take drugs that stimulate insulin production.
• Other drugs can slow down the rate at which the body absorbs glucose from the intestine, preventing the high spikes in blood sugar.

Question 26

what is hypothydroidism

Answer 26

*Lack of T3 & T4 will result in a slowed metabolism

Question 27

how to treat hypothyroidism

Answer 27

Can be treated with daily hormone
tablets, that will need to taken for the rest of the patients life

Question 28

symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 28

onstant tiredness, weight gain & depression, muscle aches, a sensitivity to the cold, dry skin & hair

Question 29

what is hyperthyroidism

Answer 29

Too much of the thyroid hormones are released

Question 30

symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 30

Raises metabolic rate which can lead to weight loss, changes in heart rhythms, increased sweating and problems sleeping, among others

Question 31

how to treat hyperthyroidism

Answer 31

An overactive thyroid is treatable with medication or a form of radiotherapy which kills some of the overactive thyroid cells or surgery to remove part of the thyroid