[lecture 4] Cells and organelles

Question 1

two domains in biology

Answer 1

eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Question 2

types of eukaryotes

Answer 2

animals, plants, fungi

Question 3

types of prokaryotes

Answer 3

archaea, bacteria

Question 4

organelles that plants have but animals dont (3)

Answer 4

vacuoles, cell wall, chloroplasts

Question 5

nucleus function + description

Answer 5

• contains DNA in form of chromosomes
• DNA replication and transcription occur here
• regulates what goes in and out because of nuclear membrane and nuclear pores
• contains nucleolus which generates ribosomes

Question 6

ER function + description

Answer 6

contains cisternae to increase surface area, continuous with nuclear membrane
two types:
(1) smooth ER:
* synthesizes lipids tht form cell
membranes
(2) rough ER:
* synthesizes proteins because it has
ribosomes

Question 7

ribosomes function + description

Answer 7

eukarya: 80s
prokarya: 70s
* contain 2 subunits made of 79 proteins

Question 8

plasma membrane function + description

Answer 8

• composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
• regulates which molecules enter and which leave
• serves as a communication channel which the
  cell uses to send and receive signals from other cells

Question 9

golgi apparatus function + description

Answer 9

• composed of a phospholipid bilayer, tightly folded
• responsible for packaging proteins and lipids
• generates secretory vesicles – hollow membranous spheres which carry cargo around the cell

Question 10

lysosomes and other vesicles’ function + description

Answer 10

lysosomes: this contains chemicals that break
down the contents
synaptic vesicles: release neurotransmitter molecules from nerve cells

Question 11

mitochondria function + description

Answer 11

• generate energy for the cell in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from sugars and oxygen
• contain their own genetic material
  (mitochondrial DNA)
• consists of an outer membrane, an inter-membrane space and a highly folded inner membrane (cristae)

Question 12

what is inside cytoplasm?

Answer 12

1. gel-like liquid called cytosol
2. cytoskeleton: 3 types: * actin cytoskeleton (structure)
   * tubulin cytoskeleton
   (highway for motor proteins)
   * intermediate cytoskeleton

Question 13

chloroplasts function + description

Answer 13

• photosynthesis primarily occurs in the chloroplasts
• utilizes a green pigment called chlorophyll within thylakoid disks

Question 14

types of cells

Answer 14

erythrocytes, leukocytes, endothelial, adipocytes, myocytes and neurons