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USC Microbiology 1 > Week 9: Digestive system (viral and protozoal) > Flashcards

Week 9: Digestive system (viral and protozoal) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which virus is responsible for 90% of viral gastroenteritis

A

Rotavirus

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2
Q

Paramyxovirus causes what viral disease

A

Mumps

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3
Q

What manifestations are seen in mumps

A

Inflammation and swelling of parotid (salivary) glands unilaterally, fever, pain

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4
Q

How is mumps transmitted

A

Saliva and respiratory secretions, via respiratory tract

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5
Q

What vaccine is used for mumps

A

MMR live attenuated vaccine

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6
Q

Which virus is the cause of cytomegalovirus inclusion disease

A

Herpes HSV5

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7
Q

Mechanism of viral inclusion in cytomegalovirus inclusion disease

A

HV5 incorporated into cell, causing nuclear inclusion and enlarged cell with viral inclusion body

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8
Q

Are antibodies effective in cytomegalovirus inclusion disease

A

No, antibodies are formed but fail to clear virus

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9
Q

What is the relevance of cytomegalovirus inclusion disease to pregnant women

A

Non immune pregnant women transfer the virus to the fetus, causing death or severe damage

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10
Q

How many viruses are capable of causing viral hepatitis

A

6

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11
Q

Causative agent of ergot poisoning

A

Mycotoxin of Claviceps purpeura (fungus)

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12
Q

How does Claviceps purpeura cause disease

A

The fungus causes smut infection on grain crops. Ingestion of grains contaminated with the fungus cause ergot poisoning with hallucinogenic symptoms

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13
Q

Aflatoxin causative agent

A

Mycotoxin of Asperguilus flavus

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14
Q

Asperguilus flavus is found on what and causes what

A

Peanuts and other foods, causing Aflatoxin poisoning and cirrhosis of the liver

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15
Q

6 protozoal diseases of digestive tract

A

Cryptosporidium, giardia, amoebic dysentry, helminthic diseases, nematode infections

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16
Q

Compare cryptosporidium parvum genotypes 1 and 2

A

Genotype 1 affects humans and is also known as C. hominis, genotype 2 affects humans and animals

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17
Q

How is cryptosporidium parvum/hominis transmitted

A

Faecal oral route from water contamination

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18
Q

What staining techniques are used to identify C. parvum?

A

Methyl green acts as a background for oocysts which do not stain, or oocysts can be stained using modified acid fast technique

Can also be stained using antibody staining or FISH

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19
Q

Can chlorine be used to eliminate oocysts of C. parvum?

A

No they are resistant to chlorine

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20
Q

What is the difference between platyhelminths and nematodes

A

Nematodes are round worms, platyhelminths are flat worms

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21
Q

What is a scolex in relation to tape worms?

A

The head region which has suckers

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22
Q

How do tape worms get nutrition?

A

Lack digestive system, so absorb food digested by human host through cuticle

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23
Q

What are proglottids in relation to tapeworms?

A

Segments of the worm’s body that contain eggs

24
Q

How do Taenia saginata cause disease

A

Cattle ingest proglottides of the worm which contain eggs. Larvae hatch and migrate into the animal muscle. Humans consume infected meat, digesting the worms except for the scolex, which attaches to the gi epithelium

25
Q

What is the difference between a definitive and intermediate host?

A

The definitive host is the one which harbors the adult parasite and where the parasite reproduces sexually. The intermediate host is the host which harbors the larval stage or the asexual forms of the parasite.

26
Q

Do nematodes (round worms) have a digestive system?

A

YEs

27
Q

Which gender of nematode is larger

A

Female

28
Q

Do nematodes have a larval stage?

A

No

29
Q

Hepatitis A characteristics

A

Single strand RNA, no envelope

30
Q

Hepatitis A route of entry

A

Oral route via food and water, multiplies in GI tract epithelium

31
Q

What clinical conditions are caused by Hepatitis A (6)

A

Anorexia, malaise, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort, fever and chills

32
Q

Hepatitis B characteristics

A

Enveloped, double stranded DNA

33
Q

Describe the two structures of Hepatitis B

A

The viral DNA is contained within a capsomere. The capsomere containing the virus may either be housed within a spherical envelope particle or a tubular/filamentous envelope particle. The virus and capsomere housed within the envelope make up a Dane particle, which is the complete HB virus. The envelope features spike proteins which act as surface antigens.

34
Q

How is hepatitis B transmitted

A

Blood and other body fluids (milk, saliva, semen) via sexual contact, non-sterile needles and other contaminated equipment, or transplacental transmission to foetus

35
Q

Which groups are more likely to get Hepatitis B?

A

Gay dudes, straight peeps with lots of partners, IV drug users, chronic carrier mothers to bebes, healthcare professionals

36
Q

Major complications of hepatitis B

A

Liver cirrhosis, liver cancer

37
Q

Does HB have high or low mortality

A

Low- around 1-3%

38
Q

How is HBsAg vaccine manufactured

A

Genetically engineered in yeast

39
Q

Hepatitis C transmission (4)

A

Intimate contact with contaminated blood
Uterus from mother to foetus
Oral faecal route
Organ transplants

40
Q

Complication of Hepatitis C

A

50% of cases progress to chronic hepatitis

41
Q

How is Hepatitis C diagnosed and treated

A

Serological test for surface antigen, treated with alpha interferon assay and chemotherapy

42
Q

Hepatitis D characteristics

A

Single stranded RNA, no envelope

43
Q

Under what conditions does Hepatitis D infection occur?

A

The individual must also be infected with HBV so that the envelope of HBV covers the HDV capsid

44
Q

Describe the two forms of hepatitis D infection

A

Acute (coinfection)
Chronic: progresses to liver damage with high fatality rate

45
Q

What is the nature of the treatment for hepatitis D infection

A

Supportive, allowing liver damage to resolve, and to use the HBV vaccine

46
Q

Hepatitis E characteristics and mode of transmission

A

Single stranded RNA, faecal oral

47
Q

Which hepatitis virus is E most similar to?

A

Hepatitis A

48
Q

Where is HEV most prevalent

A

South east asia

49
Q

What differentiates HEV from other hepatitis viruses

A

Does not cause chronic liver disease

50
Q

For which nematodes are the eggs infective for humans?

A

Enterobius vernicularis (pin worm) and Ascaris lumbricoides

51
Q

For which nematodes are the larvae infective for humans

A

Necator americanus (hook worm) and trichinella spinalis

52
Q

Which parts of the nematode life cycle occur in the host?

A

Entire life cycle occurs in one host- egg to mature adult

53
Q

Name a cause of elephantiasis

A

Vuchereria bancrofti, blocks lymphatic drainage causing swelling of leg

54
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides size

A

Large- around 30 cm

55
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides life

A

Eggs are found in animal droppings. Hand to mouth contact with infected soil or unwashed vegetables. Reside inn small intestine of human and animals, feeding on semi-digested food.

56
Q

Trichinella spiralis life

A

Encysted larvae in poorly cooked pork ingested. In SI larvae are freed from cysts, mature and sexually reproduce. Live nematodes born. Larvae enter lymph and blood, then encyst in muscles and other tissues. Cause trichinosis.

USC Microbiology 1 (9 decks)

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