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USC Microbiology 1 > Week 12 Diseases of cardiovascular and lymphatic symptoms > Flashcards

Week 12 Diseases of cardiovascular and lymphatic symptoms Flashcards

1
Q

Septicaemia definition

A

proliferation of microbes in
the blood

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2
Q

Characteristics of septicaemia (2)

A

Lyses of red blood cells through haemolysin (containing
haemoglobin) releases iron accelerate growth
Clinical sign = lymphangitis (inflamed lymph
vessels visible as red streaks under the skin)

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3
Q

Sepsis definition

A

Toxic condition resulting from septicaemia; bacteria (Mainly G-ve rods) enter the blood from focus of infection.

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4
Q

Septic shock definition

A

Lyses of G-ve bacteria releases endotoxin, drop of
blood pressure (hypotension)

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5
Q

Puerperal sepsis cause

A

Caused mostly by S.pyogenes (group A, beta haemolytic)

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6
Q

Puerperal sepsis progression

A

A nosocomial infection -> infection of uterus ->
infection of abdominal cavity (peritonitis) and septicaemia, also child birth fever or abortion.

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7
Q

Puerperal sepsis transmission

A

contaminated hands and instruments used during delivery of baby

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8
Q

Endocarditis affects what part of the heart

A

Infection of the inner layer of the
heart (endocardium)

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9
Q

Cause and progression of subacute endocarditis

A

Microbes (e.g. streptococci) from teeth or tonsils enter
blood (dental extraction) and colonise heart (in patient with abnormal heart valves).

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10
Q

Acute endocarditis cause and pathology

A

S. aureus, rapid destruction of heart valves.

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11
Q

Rheumatic fever cause

A

S. pyogenes

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12
Q

Age group affected by rheumatic fever

A

4-18

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13
Q

Rheumatic fever pathology

A

Short period of arthritis and fever.
Subcutaneous nodules at joints, inflammation of heart (misdirection of the immune reaction against M protein of Streptococci), damage to heart valve.

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14
Q

Tularaemia cause and characteristics

A

Francisella tularensis: a small, G-ve rod, facultative-
anaerobe.

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15
Q

Infection mechanism and symptoms in tularaemia

A

❖ Infection due to inhalation, ingestion, bites (e.g. rabbits) arthropods (e.g. ticks), contact through skin breaks.
❖ Clinical syndrome: ulceroglandular tularaemia (Lymph nodes are swollen, no visible ulcer)

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16
Q

Brucellosis cause (3)

A

Brucella abortus, B. suis and B. melitensis

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17
Q

Reservoirs for brucella species

A

Abortus: infects livestock
Suis: infects swine and cattle
Melitensis: reservoir in sheep

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18
Q

How is brucellosis transmitted, what symptoms occur

A

Transmission through milk and dairy products
Causing chills, fever (40oC, wavelike fever)

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19
Q

Anthrax cause

A

bacillus anthracis

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20
Q

Bacillus anthracis characteristics

A

G+ve, long chain, central spore
Short chain in infected tissue
Non motile and non haemolytic
Capsule, (D-glutamic acid polypeptide), with a high anti-phagocytic effect

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21
Q

How is anthrax spread

A

Disease of sheep and cattle
Diseased animal spread spores in soil, skin contact ->disease
Respiratory disease of wool-sorting workers (respiratory anthrax)

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22
Q

Anthrax infection of skin MOA and symptoms

A

Cutaneous anthrax: “malignant pustule”
❖Cut on skin
❖lesion on site black necrotic area
❖regional lymph nodes, blood, death (5-6
days)

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23
Q

Cutaneous anthrax treatment

A

Penicillin, sulphonamide

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24
Q

Anthrax prevention

A

❖Live attenuated vaccine for sheep and cattle

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25
Gangrene cause and pathology
Clostridium perfringens Necrosis specially in muscle tissues will lead to gas gangrene ❖ alpha-toxin:sub-cutaneous, causes muscle necrosis Ischemia: interruption of blood supply ->, wound becomes anaerobic and ischemia will lead to necrosis (death of tissue; gangrene)
26
Treatment for gangrene
Surgical removal of necrotic tissue , if in abdominal cavity, treatment in hyperbaric chamber
27
Plague causes (3) and characteristics
Yersinia pestis: plague Yersinia enterocolitica: enterocolitis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: local and systemic necrosis Non motile, non spore forming Invasive, produce enterotoxin and endotoxin
28
Yersinia pestis major disease and transmission
Black death (pandemic plague/ bubonic plague) Disease of rats transmitted by rat flea xenopsylla cheopis
29
Plague progression
Bacterial growth blocks flea’s digestive tract (blood is not digested). Bacteria enter human blood, propagate in lymph nodes & blood -> systemic infection & fever (septicaemic plague). Pulmonary spread, produces a fatal necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonia: Pneumonic plague
30
Y. pestis symptoms
Enlarged lymph nodes in groin and armpit Swelling associated with haemorrhage called bubo (bubonic plague) Mortality 50-70%, a week after symptoms appear
31
Gastrointestinal anthrax cause
Potent exotoxin from bacillus anthracis that cause extensive oedema (Oedema factor), spread by eating meat
32
relapsing fever cause and transmission
Borrelia (a spirochete) Transmission by soft ticks that feeds on rodents
33
Relapsing fever symptoms
Fever (40.5oC), jaundice, skin spots (3-5 days) ❖ Relapses occur (3-4 times) by antigenically different serotypes of Borrelia
34
Lyme disease cause and transmission
tick-borne disease caused by B. burgdorferi
35
Is lyme disease transmissable between humans
No
36
Lyme disease symptoms
Rash at bite site red area that clear in the centre and expands (15 cm) Flu-like symptoms 2 weeks Rash fades Heart becomes infected Neurological symptoms (e.g. Facial paralysis, meningitis and encephalitis)
37
Cat scratch disease cause
G-ve rod, Bartonella benselae
38
Cat scratch disease transmission and symptoms
Part of the oral flora of cats and dogs ❖ From scratch, or bite, the bacterium enters lymph nodes and multiplies ❖ Extremely swollen nodes
39
Cat scratch disease treatment
❖ The infection will resolve by its own ❖ Treatment: rifampicin, ciprofloxacin
40
Rocky mountain spotted fever cause and characteristics
Rickettsia rickettsii (an obligate intracellular bacterium), G-ve rod
41
Rocky mountain spotted fever transmission and progression
Transmitted by arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas etc) The bacterium multiplies in inner lining of blood vessels. Damages capillaries in the skin, causing spotty rash
42
Typhus types
Epidemic (louse borne) and murine (mouse)
43
Epidemic typhus cause and transmission
Rickettsiae prowazekii, transmitted by lice during a blood meal
44
Murine typhus cause and transmission
Rickettsiae typhi, lice on mice and rats, less severe than epidemic typhus
45
Typhus symptoms
high headache, shaking chill, fever, muscle ache
46
Infectious mononucleosis cause and characteristics
Epstein barr virus a DNA herpes virus with a lipid envelope
47
Infectious mononucleosis symptoms
fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes ❖ High number of enlarged lymphocytes ❖ Recovery after 4-6 weeks
48
Chagas disease (american trypanosomiasis) cause and vector
Trypanosoma cruzi, reduviid bug (kissing bug)
49
Toxoplasmosis cause
Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan parasite) ingested in cyst form
50
Toxoplasmosis infects what species
Cat, mice/rat, human
51
Complication of toxoplasmosis
Threaten health of unborn child
52
Toxoplasmosis diagnosis
PCR and serological test
53
Toxoplasmosis treatment
Combination of sulfadiazine and folic acid
54
5 causes of malaria in humans, which two cause majority of deaths? What vector
➢ Plasmodium. Falciparum ➢ Plasmodium. vivax ➢ Plasmodium. malaria ➢ Plasmodium. ovale ➢ Plasmodium. knowlesis Falciparum then vivax Female anopheles mosquito
55
WHich is the intermediate and which is the definitive host of malaria
Mosquito is the definitive host and human is the intermediate host
56
Population at risk of malaria
tropical and subtropical Population at risk: children, pregnant women and non-immune travellers/ immigrants
57
Malaria symptoms, when do they occur
severe anaemia, respiratory distress in relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria. 7 days or more after invasion
58
Prevention of malaria (2)
Vector control: Insecticide-treatment mosquito nets: It is efficient, long lasting and cost-effective. Indoor residual spraying (IRS): Spraying with insecticide is powerful way to rapidly reduce transmission. It is effective for 3-6 months, depending on insecticide formulation used.
59
Malaria treatment (2)
Chloroquine and primaquine
60
Leishmania causes (3)
L. donovani, that attacks the internal organs e.g. visceral Leishmaniosis L. Tropica and L. braziliensis attack skin and mucous membrane e.g. cutaneous leishmaniasis
61
Two types of leishmania
Cutaneous and visceral
62
Schistosomiasis causes and what they affect
1- Schistosoma haematobium (also know as urinary schistosomiasis) effect urinary tract and bladder 2- S. japonicum: intestinal inflammation 3- S. mansoni : intestinal inflammation Small fluke (protozoa)

USC Microbiology 1 (9 decks)

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