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USC Microbiology 1 > Week 12 Diseases of cardiovascular and lymphatic symptoms > Flashcards

Week 12 Diseases of cardiovascular and lymphatic symptoms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Septicaemia definition

A

proliferation of microbes in
the blood

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2
Q

Characteristics of septicaemia (2)

A

Lyses of red blood cells through haemolysin (containing
haemoglobin) releases iron accelerate growth
Clinical sign = lymphangitis (inflamed lymph
vessels visible as red streaks under the skin)

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3
Q

Sepsis definition

A

Toxic condition resulting from septicaemia; bacteria (Mainly G-ve rods) enter the blood from focus of infection.

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4
Q

Septic shock definition

A

Lyses of G-ve bacteria releases endotoxin, drop of
blood pressure (hypotension)

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5
Q

Puerperal sepsis cause

A

Caused mostly by S.pyogenes (group A, beta haemolytic)

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6
Q

Puerperal sepsis progression

A

A nosocomial infection -> infection of uterus ->
infection of abdominal cavity (peritonitis) and septicaemia, also child birth fever or abortion.

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7
Q

Puerperal sepsis transmission

A

contaminated hands and instruments used during delivery of baby

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8
Q

Endocarditis affects what part of the heart

A

Infection of the inner layer of the
heart (endocardium)

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9
Q

Cause and progression of subacute endocarditis

A

Microbes (e.g. streptococci) from teeth or tonsils enter
blood (dental extraction) and colonise heart (in patient with abnormal heart valves).

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10
Q

Acute endocarditis cause and pathology

A

S. aureus, rapid destruction of heart valves.

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11
Q

Rheumatic fever cause

A

S. pyogenes

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12
Q

Age group affected by rheumatic fever

A

4-18

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13
Q

Rheumatic fever pathology

A

Short period of arthritis and fever.
Subcutaneous nodules at joints, inflammation of heart (misdirection of the immune reaction against M protein of Streptococci), damage to heart valve.

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14
Q

Tularaemia cause and characteristics

A

Francisella tularensis: a small, G-ve rod, facultative-
anaerobe.

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15
Q

Infection mechanism and symptoms in tularaemia

A

❖ Infection due to inhalation, ingestion, bites (e.g. rabbits) arthropods (e.g. ticks), contact through skin breaks.
❖ Clinical syndrome: ulceroglandular tularaemia (Lymph nodes are swollen, no visible ulcer)

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16
Q

Brucellosis cause (3)

A

Brucella abortus, B. suis and B. melitensis

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17
Q

Reservoirs for brucella species

A

Abortus: infects livestock
Suis: infects swine and cattle
Melitensis: reservoir in sheep

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18
Q

How is brucellosis transmitted, what symptoms occur

A

Transmission through milk and dairy products
Causing chills, fever (40oC, wavelike fever)

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19
Q

Anthrax cause

A

bacillus anthracis

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20
Q

Bacillus anthracis characteristics

A

G+ve, long chain, central spore
Short chain in infected tissue
Non motile and non haemolytic
Capsule, (D-glutamic acid polypeptide), with a high anti-phagocytic effect

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21
Q

How is anthrax spread

A

Disease of sheep and cattle
Diseased animal spread spores in soil, skin contact ->disease
Respiratory disease of wool-sorting workers (respiratory anthrax)

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22
Q

Anthrax infection of skin MOA and symptoms

A

Cutaneous anthrax: “malignant pustule”
❖Cut on skin
❖lesion on site black necrotic area
❖regional lymph nodes, blood, death (5-6
days)

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23
Q

Cutaneous anthrax treatment

A

Penicillin, sulphonamide

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24
Q

Anthrax prevention

A

❖Live attenuated vaccine for sheep and cattle

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25
Q

Gangrene cause and pathology

A

Clostridium perfringens
Necrosis specially in muscle tissues will lead to gas gangrene
❖ alpha-toxin:sub-cutaneous, causes muscle necrosis Ischemia: interruption of blood supply ->, wound becomes anaerobic and ischemia will lead to necrosis (death of tissue; gangrene)

26
Q

Treatment for gangrene

A

Surgical removal of necrotic
tissue , if in abdominal cavity, treatment in hyperbaric chamber

27
Q

Plague causes (3) and characteristics

A

Yersinia pestis: plague
Yersinia enterocolitica: enterocolitis
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: local and systemic necrosis
Non motile, non spore forming
Invasive, produce enterotoxin and endotoxin

28
Q

Yersinia pestis major disease and transmission

A

Black death (pandemic plague/ bubonic plague)
Disease of rats transmitted by rat flea xenopsylla cheopis

29
Q

Plague progression

A

Bacterial growth blocks flea’s digestive tract
(blood is not digested).
Bacteria enter human blood, propagate in
lymph nodes & blood -> systemic infection &
fever (septicaemic plague).
Pulmonary spread, produces a fatal
necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonia:
Pneumonic plague

30
Q

Y. pestis symptoms

A

Enlarged lymph nodes in groin and armpit
Swelling associated with haemorrhage called bubo (bubonic plague)
Mortality 50-70%, a week after symptoms appear

31
Q

Gastrointestinal anthrax cause

A

Potent exotoxin from bacillus anthracis that cause extensive oedema (Oedema factor), spread by eating meat

32
Q

relapsing fever cause and transmission

A

Borrelia (a spirochete)
Transmission by soft ticks that feeds on
rodents

33
Q

Relapsing fever symptoms

A

Fever (40.5oC), jaundice, skin spots (3-5 days)
❖ Relapses occur (3-4 times) by antigenically different serotypes of Borrelia

34
Q

Lyme disease cause and transmission

A

tick-borne disease caused by B. burgdorferi

35
Q

Is lyme disease transmissable between humans

A

No

36
Q

Lyme disease symptoms

A

Rash at bite site
red area that clear in the centre and expands
(15 cm)
Flu-like symptoms 2 weeks
Rash fades
Heart becomes infected
Neurological symptoms (e.g. Facial paralysis, meningitis and encephalitis)

37
Q

Cat scratch disease cause

A

G-ve rod, Bartonella benselae

38
Q

Cat scratch disease transmission and symptoms

A

Part of the oral flora of cats and dogs
❖ From scratch, or bite, the bacterium enters lymph nodes and
multiplies
❖ Extremely swollen nodes

39
Q

Cat scratch disease treatment

A

❖ The infection will resolve by its own
❖ Treatment: rifampicin, ciprofloxacin

40
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever cause and characteristics

A

Rickettsia rickettsii (an
obligate intracellular bacterium), G-ve rod

41
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever transmission and progression

A

Transmitted by arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas
etc)
The bacterium multiplies in inner lining
of blood vessels. Damages capillaries in the skin,
causing spotty rash

42
Q

Typhus types

A

Epidemic (louse borne) and murine (mouse)

43
Q

Epidemic typhus cause and transmission

A

Rickettsiae prowazekii, transmitted by lice during a blood meal

44
Q

Murine typhus cause and transmission

A

Rickettsiae typhi, lice on mice and rats, less severe than epidemic typhus

45
Q

Typhus symptoms

A

high headache, shaking chill, fever, muscle ache

46
Q

Infectious mononucleosis cause and characteristics

A

Epstein barr virus a DNA herpes virus with
a lipid envelope

47
Q

Infectious mononucleosis symptoms

A

fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
❖ High number of enlarged lymphocytes
❖ Recovery after 4-6 weeks

48
Q

Chagas disease (american trypanosomiasis) cause and vector

A

Trypanosoma cruzi, reduviid bug (kissing bug)

49
Q

Toxoplasmosis cause

A

Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan parasite) ingested in cyst form

50
Q

Toxoplasmosis infects what species

A

Cat, mice/rat, human

51
Q

Complication of toxoplasmosis

A

Threaten health of unborn child

52
Q

Toxoplasmosis diagnosis

A

PCR and serological test

53
Q

Toxoplasmosis treatment

A

Combination of sulfadiazine and folic acid

54
Q

5 causes of malaria in humans, which two cause majority of deaths? What vector

A

➢ Plasmodium. Falciparum
➢ Plasmodium. vivax
➢ Plasmodium. malaria
➢ Plasmodium. ovale
➢ Plasmodium. knowlesis

Falciparum then vivax
Female anopheles mosquito

55
Q

WHich is the intermediate and which is the definitive host of malaria

A

Mosquito is the definitive host and human is the intermediate host

56
Q

Population at risk of malaria

A

tropical and subtropical
Population at risk: children, pregnant women and non-immune travellers/ immigrants

57
Q

Malaria symptoms, when do they occur

A

severe anaemia,
respiratory distress in relation
to metabolic acidosis, or
cerebral malaria.
7 days or more after invasion

58
Q

Prevention of malaria (2)

A

Vector control:
Insecticide-treatment mosquito nets: It is efficient,
long lasting and cost-effective.
Indoor residual spraying (IRS): Spraying with insecticide
is powerful way to rapidly reduce transmission. It is
effective for 3-6 months, depending on insecticide
formulation used.

59
Q

Malaria treatment (2)

A

Chloroquine and primaquine

60
Q

Leishmania causes (3)

A

L. donovani, that attacks
the internal organs e.g. visceral Leishmaniosis
L. Tropica and L. braziliensis attack skin
and mucous membrane e.g. cutaneous
leishmaniasis

61
Q

Two types of leishmania

A

Cutaneous and visceral

62
Q

Schistosomiasis causes and what they affect

A

1- Schistosoma haematobium (also know as urinary
schistosomiasis) effect urinary tract and bladder
2- S. japonicum: intestinal inflammation
3- S. mansoni : intestinal inflammation

Small fluke (protozoa)

USC Microbiology 1 (9 decks)

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