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USC Microbiology 1 > Week 7: Respiratory system (upper and lower) > Flashcards

Week 7: Respiratory system (upper and lower) Flashcards

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1
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis bacteria

A

S. pyogenes

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2
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis symptoms (4)

A

Fever, headache, tonsillitis, otitis media

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3
Q

Scarlet fever bacteria

A

S. pyogenes

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4
Q

Scarlet fever host (1)

A

Humans only

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5
Q

Scarlet fever rash cause

A

Erythrogenic toxin of s.pyogenes

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6
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae location

A

Throat of asymptomatic carrier

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7
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae transmission

A

Airborne

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8
Q

Does Corynebacterium diptheriae form spores?

A

Nope

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9
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae shape

A

Club

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10
Q

C. diptheria disease symptoms (4)

A

Sore throat, neck swelling, leather formation in throat, skin infection (cutaneous diptheria)

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11
Q

In diptheria, describe the term ‘leather’

A

Formation of grey membrane in throat from fibrin, bacterial cells and dead tissue cells

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12
Q

What causes damage in diphtheria

A

Exotoxin which circulates in blood and damages heart and kidneys

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13
Q

Diphtheria treatment and prevention

A

Penicillin and erythromycin in conjunction with antitoxin, immunisation with diphtheria toxoid

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14
Q

Otitis media

A

Infection of middle ear
Inflammation -> Pus increases pressure against eardrum -> pain

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15
Q

Otitis media causes (highest to lowest- 6)

A

S. pneumoniae (35%)
Non-encapsulated H. influenzae (20-30%)
Moraxella catarrhalis (10-15%)
S. pyogenes (8-10%)
Others (bacteria/non-bacterial cause) (3-5%)
S. aureus (1-2%)

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16
Q

Viral causes of common cold (2)

A

Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses

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17
Q

Which antibody contributes to immunity against viral colds?

A

IgA

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18
Q

In influenza, what component of the virus contributes to its pathogenicity? What are the names of these components (2)

A

Spike proteins (neuraminidase and haemagglutinin)

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19
Q

Define antigenic shift in relation to viruses

A

Spike proteins change so that antibodies against the spike proteins become ineffective

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20
Q

Gram status, oxygen use and shape of Bordella pertussis

A

Gram negative, obligate aerobe, cocco-bacillus

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21
Q

How does Bordetella pertussis capsule contribute to its pathogenicity

A

Capsule allows it to attach to ciliated cells in trachea, impeding their action and destroying them

22
Q

Causative agent of pertussis (whooping cough)

A

Bordetella pertussis

23
Q

Does bordetella pertussis produce toxins?

A

Yes

24
Q

Pertussis treatment

A

Erythromycin and airway protection (postural drainage, keep head and face down, high humidity)

25
Q

Name and describe the three stages of pertussis

A

Catarrhal stage: resembles common cold (2-3 weeks incubation)
Paroxysmal stage: prolonged sieges of coughing (mucous accumulation) (physiological damage)
Convalescence stage: lasts few months, recovery

26
Q

Describe the gram status of mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Neither gram positive nor gram negative due to lipid cell wall, acid fast

27
Q

How does M. tuberculosis cause disease

A

Bacteria are inhaled and reach alveolar macrophages, phagocytosed but survive. As they multiply, more macrophages are attracted forming a tubercle. Macrophages die, releasing bacteria and forming a caseous centre in the tubercle. The tubercle ruptures, spilling bacteria into the rest of the body.

28
Q

Tuberculosis treatment

A

Streptomycin
Multiple therapy: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide
Drug resistant cases: ethambutol or streptomycin

29
Q

Explain the mechanism of the tuberculin skin test

A

Proteins from tuberculosis are injected into the skin. If the person has been previously infected, memory T cells react with the antigen leading to hardening and reddening of the area.

30
Q

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

A

Isolation, acid fast staining, cultivation on loweinstein agar, production of CO2 in broth containing palmitic acid, DNA probes, PCR and rRNA

31
Q

Tuberculosis vaccine

A

Live attenuated strain of avirulent strain M. bovis (BCG vaccine)

32
Q

What is a potential issue of the tuberculin skin test?

A

VAccinated individuals will have a positive reaction

33
Q

What is a potential issue of the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis?

A

Live strain so may be dangerous in the immunocompromised

34
Q

Bacterial pneumonia causes (2)

A

Strep pneumoniae (typical), other microorganisms (atypical)

35
Q

S. pneumoniae characteristics (gram, shape, capsule?)

A

Positive, ovoid, diplococcus, has capsule

36
Q

S. pneumoniae treatment + prevention

A

Penicillin, vaccine of purified capsular material

37
Q

Diagnosis of S. pneumoniae (lab)

A

alpha haemolytic
susceptible to optichin

38
Q

H. influenza (atypical pneumonia) gram status

A

Gram negative

39
Q

H. influenza (atypical pneumonia) treatment

A

Beta lactamase resistant second generation cephalosporins

40
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical pneumonia) characteristics

A

Lacks cell wall
Forms small fried egg like colonies in medium with horse serum and yeast extract

41
Q

M. pneumoniae pneumonia diagnosis (3)

A

Serology
PCR
Complement fixation to detect IgM and IgG

42
Q

Legionnaire’s is a type of what disease caused by which bacteria?

A

Pneumonia, Legionella pneumoniae

43
Q

Legionella pneumoniae (atypical pneumonia) characteristics

A

Gram negative, aerobic rod

44
Q

Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae characteristics

A

Gram negative, obligate intracellular
From bird droppings vs person to person contact

45
Q

Q fever (atypical pneumonia) cause

A

Coxiella burnetti

46
Q

Meliodosis (atypical pneumonia) cause

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

47
Q

Viral diseases of lower RT (4)

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Viral pneumonia
Respiratory syncytial virus
Influenza

48
Q

Fungal diseases of lower respiratory tract (3)

A

Histoplasmosis casued by Histoplasma capsulatum: airborne spores from soil -> human
Pneumocystis pneumonia (P. jiroveci formerly P. carini)
Coccidioidomycosis caused by Coccidioides imitis

49
Q

How do fungal diseases of the LRT occur?

A

Production of spores in immunocompromised patients

50
Q

Describe the disease cycle of coccidiodomycosis (6)

A

Soil
1. Arthrospore germinates into tubular hypha
2. Hypha segmant into arthrospores and separate from hypha. Some become airborne and some return to the soil.
3. Airborne arthrospore is inhaled
Human
4. Inhaled arthrospore enlarges and begins to develop into spherule
5. Endospores develop in spherule
6. Spherule releases endospores which spread in tissue and develop into new spherules

51
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is an example of a _ disease of the lower RT

A

Fungal

USC Microbiology 1 (9 decks)

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