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USC Microbiology 1 > Week 10 Urinary and reproductive infections > Flashcards

Week 10 Urinary and reproductive infections Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological differences between male and female reproductive systems

A

Females have shorter urethra, opening exposed to perineum

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2
Q

diseases of urinary tract (4)

A

bacteriuria (lower tract), cystitis (bladder), pyelonephritis (from lower tract to kidney into blood), leptospirosis

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3
Q

Describe normal microbiota in women before puberty

A

Scanty and mixed, derived from colon and skin

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4
Q

Describe normal microbiota in women during child bearing years

A

LActobacilli (66%), anaerobic negative rods, positive cocci, aerobic coryneforms, coagulase negative staph, streptococci

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5
Q

Describe normal microbiota in women post menopause

A

Anaerobic bacteria (bacteroides species), mycoplasma, low density of gram negative rods

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6
Q

Why do normal microflora change with age in women

A

Due to changes in hormones

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7
Q

Describe normal microbiota in men

A

Coagulase negative staph, group D strep, coryneforms, sometimes mycoplasma

Low in numbers

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8
Q

Why do normal microbiota differ between men and women

A

Less contamination of urine by indigenous flora, longer urethra

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9
Q

Urinary tract infection (asymptomatic)

A

Asymptomatic bacteriuria: infection at any site along urinary tract

BActeria adhere to bladder and are not flushed out at micturition, may gain access to bladder via the lumen or outside of the catheter

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10
Q

How does e.coli adhere to urinary tract

A

P pili bind to surface of urinary tract

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11
Q

Symptomatic UTI

A

Involves lower UT
Cystitis = bladder infection
Can be haemorrhagic
Need antibiotics at this stage

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12
Q

Cystitis symptoms

A

Urgency, frequency, dysuria (painful or burning urination)

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13
Q

Haemorrhagic cystitis symptoms

A

Urgency, frequency, dysuria (painful or burning urination)
Blood in urine (haematuria, gross or microscopic)

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14
Q

How does gender difference in UTI prevalence change with age

A

Childhood = similar
Adulthood (child bearing period) = females
Old age = male slightly higher than females

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15
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection of kidneys (upper UT)
Bacteria use flagella to make way up ureter into kidneys
Chills, nausea, fever, vomiting

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16
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Caused by leptospira interrogans
Bacteria shed in animal urine contaminates water
Entry into human causes severe kidney or liver disease

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17
Q

6 diseases of genital tract (least to most common)

A

Syphilis
AIDS, genital herpes and gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis

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18
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

Gram neg diplococcus Neisseria gonorrhoea, mostly affects 15-24
Females more likely to develop from a single exposure

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19
Q

Female gonorrhoea symptoms

A

Cervix infected, not vagina due to cell type (columnar vs stratified squamous)

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20
Q

Male gonorrhoea symptoms

A

Painful urination and pus

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21
Q

Complications of gonorrhoea (6)

A

Gonorrhoeal endocarditis, gonorrhoeal meningitis, gonorrhoeal arthritis, ophthalmia neonatorum, pharyngeal gonorrhoea, anal gonorrhoea

22
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum (spirochaete)
Cultured in cells only
Incubation period of 2-3 weeks

23
Q

Syphilis stages (3)

A
  1. Primary
    Small hard chancre (sore) at site of infection with highly infectious exudate from centre, positive serological test
  2. Secondary
    Skin rashes, hair loss, malaise, mild fever, lesions of rash containing many spirochaetes, if not treated becomes latent (can later be reactivated)
  3. Tertiary stage
    Gumma lesions: ulceration of skin and roof of mouth
    Outer layer of bacterial lipids inhibits immune response ‘teflon coated’
    Cell mediated immune response to clear
24
Q

Syphilis diagnosis (3)

A

Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) serological screening- gold standard
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test- serological
Fluorescent treponema antibody absorption (FTA-abs) test using patient’s serum specific antibody

25
Syphilis treatment
Benzathine penicillin In penicillin allergic patients: erythromycin or tetracycline
26
BActerial vaginitis cause
Decreased lactobacilli population, acidity not maintained, opportunistic infection- bacteroides and gram negative
27
Fungal candidiasis
Candida albicans colonises mucus membranes when lactobacilli population fails to maintain acidity
28
Candidiasis symptoms
Severe itching, irritation, thick yellow discharge
29
Candidiasis predisposing conditions (3)
Pregnancy (incnreased glycogen in vagina) Oral contraceptive Broad spectrum antibiotics which suppress normal microbiota
30
Trichomoniasis
Trichomonas vaginalis: anaerobic protozoan Overgrowth due to change in acidity of vagina Leukocytes accumulate at infection sites
31
Trichomoniasis symptoms
Irritation, itching, discharge (green yellow) with foul odour
32
Trichomoniasis diagnosis
microscopic examination of discharge
33
Gardnerella vaginalis
Gram variable rod Overgrowth due to change in acidity of vagina Discharge with fishy odour
34
Gardnerella vaginalis diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosis: microscopic examination of clue cells due to overgrowth of anaerobes Treated with acetic acid gels/ introduction of lactobacilli Metronidazole eradicates anaerobes preventing continuation of the disease
35
Herpes simplex
Initial infection is subclinical, recurrences occur to trauma, radiation, emotional upsets, hormonal changes
36
Genital herpes (HSV2)
Sexual contact transmission Vesicles with burning sensation (vulva or base of penis) Urination is painful Walking is uncomfortable
37
Genital herpes treatment
None available, acyclovir a possibility
38
Genital herpes complication
Undetected leads to neonatal herpes via placental transfer, causing herpes encephalitis in babies 70% fatality
39
Genital wart
Papilloma virus causes mild skin growth 10% of GWs caused by serotypes that cause cancer
40
Genital wart treatment
Topical podofilax (podophyllum)
41
Lymphogranuloma veneruem
Tropical disease caused by chlamydia trachomatis Massive inflammation of genital lymph nodes Males: blockage of lymph vessels and enlargement of external genital Female: rectal narrowing
42
Lymphogranuloma venereum diagnosis
Iodine staining of pus from infected lymph nodes
43
Chlamydial genital infection sex differences with age
a lot higher in females, even in young age, even higher inreproductive age
44
Chancroid (soft chancre)
Diseases of tropical areas (africa asia and latin america) Caused by haemophilus ducreyi (gram negative rod)
45
Chancroid symptoms and treatment
Swollen painful ulcer on genitals with infection of lymph nodes erythromycin
46
HIV type of virus
RNA (uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA)
47
Describe structure of HIV virus
Envelope with spike proteins (antigenic), gp120 protein Capsomere surrounding RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme
48
How does HIV gain entry into T cells
gp120 on HIV binds to CD4 receptor on Th cell with aid of CXCR4 coreceptor on Th cell
49
HIV replication
HIV used reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA to DNA inside Th cell, uses host machinery to make multiple copies of itself (RNA and envelope) Buds off from Th cell as progeny Or stays in macrophages(latent)
50
HIV transmission
Direct contact with infected body fluids (blood and semen) Routes: Intimate sexual contact, breast milk, trans placental, blood contaminated needles, organ transplants, blood transfusion)
51
In what region is HIV/AIDs most prevalent
Subsaharan africa, then southern and southeast asia
52
Describe the timeline of HIV infection in relation to T cell populations (8)
1. Population of virus in blood peaks 1-2 months after infection 2. populations of CD4 th cells depleted 3. Seroconversion: antibodies against HIV appear in blood, HIV population declines 4. HIV in blood population stabilises 5. CD4 th cell population declines steadily 6. Huge number of HIV generated by infected T cells 7. Subclinical AIDS due to significant CD4 T cell depletion 8. rise of HIV in blood as immune system breaks down

USC Microbiology 1 (9 decks)

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