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USC Microbiology 1 > Week 10 Urinary and reproductive infections > Flashcards

Week 10 Urinary and reproductive infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Physiological differences between male and female reproductive systems

A

Females have shorter urethra, opening exposed to perineum

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2
Q

diseases of urinary tract (4)

A

bacteriuria (lower tract), cystitis (bladder), pyelonephritis (from lower tract to kidney into blood), leptospirosis

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3
Q

Describe normal microbiota in women before puberty

A

Scanty and mixed, derived from colon and skin

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4
Q

Describe normal microbiota in women during child bearing years

A

LActobacilli (66%), anaerobic negative rods, positive cocci, aerobic coryneforms, coagulase negative staph, streptococci

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5
Q

Describe normal microbiota in women post menopause

A

Anaerobic bacteria (bacteroides species), mycoplasma, low density of gram negative rods

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6
Q

Why do normal microflora change with age in women

A

Due to changes in hormones

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7
Q

Describe normal microbiota in men

A

Coagulase negative staph, group D strep, coryneforms, sometimes mycoplasma

Low in numbers

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8
Q

Why do normal microbiota differ between men and women

A

Less contamination of urine by indigenous flora, longer urethra

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9
Q

Urinary tract infection (asymptomatic)

A

Asymptomatic bacteriuria: infection at any site along urinary tract

BActeria adhere to bladder and are not flushed out at micturition, may gain access to bladder via the lumen or outside of the catheter

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10
Q

How does e.coli adhere to urinary tract

A

P pili bind to surface of urinary tract

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11
Q

Symptomatic UTI

A

Involves lower UT
Cystitis = bladder infection
Can be haemorrhagic
Need antibiotics at this stage

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12
Q

Cystitis symptoms

A

Urgency, frequency, dysuria (painful or burning urination)

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13
Q

Haemorrhagic cystitis symptoms

A

Urgency, frequency, dysuria (painful or burning urination)
Blood in urine (haematuria, gross or microscopic)

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14
Q

How does gender difference in UTI prevalence change with age

A

Childhood = similar
Adulthood (child bearing period) = females
Old age = male slightly higher than females

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15
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection of kidneys (upper UT)
Bacteria use flagella to make way up ureter into kidneys
Chills, nausea, fever, vomiting

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16
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Caused by leptospira interrogans
Bacteria shed in animal urine contaminates water
Entry into human causes severe kidney or liver disease

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17
Q

6 diseases of genital tract (least to most common)

A

Syphilis
AIDS, genital herpes and gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis

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18
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

Gram neg diplococcus Neisseria gonorrhoea, mostly affects 15-24
Females more likely to develop from a single exposure

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19
Q

Female gonorrhoea symptoms

A

Cervix infected, not vagina due to cell type (columnar vs stratified squamous)

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20
Q

Male gonorrhoea symptoms

A

Painful urination and pus

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21
Q

Complications of gonorrhoea (6)

A

Gonorrhoeal endocarditis, gonorrhoeal meningitis, gonorrhoeal arthritis, ophthalmia neonatorum, pharyngeal gonorrhoea, anal gonorrhoea

22
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum (spirochaete)
Cultured in cells only
Incubation period of 2-3 weeks

23
Q

Syphilis stages (3)

A
  1. Primary
    Small hard chancre (sore) at site of infection with highly infectious exudate from centre, positive serological test
  2. Secondary
    Skin rashes, hair loss, malaise, mild fever, lesions of rash containing many spirochaetes, if not treated becomes latent (can later be reactivated)
  3. Tertiary stage
    Gumma lesions: ulceration of skin and roof of mouth
    Outer layer of bacterial lipids inhibits immune response ‘teflon coated’
    Cell mediated immune response to clear
24
Q

Syphilis diagnosis (3)

A

Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) serological screening- gold standard
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test- serological
Fluorescent treponema antibody absorption (FTA-abs) test using patient’s serum specific antibody

25
Q

Syphilis treatment

A

Benzathine penicillin
In penicillin allergic patients: erythromycin or tetracycline

26
Q

BActerial vaginitis cause

A

Decreased lactobacilli population, acidity not maintained, opportunistic infection- bacteroides and gram negative

27
Q

Fungal candidiasis

A

Candida albicans colonises mucus membranes when lactobacilli population fails to maintain acidity

28
Q

Candidiasis symptoms

A

Severe itching, irritation, thick yellow discharge

29
Q

Candidiasis predisposing conditions (3)

A

Pregnancy (incnreased glycogen in vagina)
Oral contraceptive
Broad spectrum antibiotics which suppress normal microbiota

30
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis: anaerobic protozoan
Overgrowth due to change in acidity of vagina
Leukocytes accumulate at infection sites

31
Q

Trichomoniasis symptoms

A

Irritation, itching, discharge (green yellow) with foul odour

32
Q

Trichomoniasis diagnosis

A

microscopic examination of discharge

33
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

Gram variable rod
Overgrowth due to change in acidity of vagina
Discharge with fishy odour

34
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis diagnosis and treatment

A

Diagnosis: microscopic examination of clue cells due to overgrowth of anaerobes
Treated with acetic acid gels/ introduction of lactobacilli
Metronidazole eradicates anaerobes preventing continuation of the disease

35
Q

Herpes simplex

A

Initial infection is subclinical, recurrences occur to trauma, radiation, emotional upsets, hormonal changes

36
Q

Genital herpes (HSV2)

A

Sexual contact transmission
Vesicles with burning sensation (vulva or base of penis)
Urination is painful
Walking is uncomfortable

37
Q

Genital herpes treatment

A

None available, acyclovir a possibility

38
Q

Genital herpes complication

A

Undetected leads to neonatal herpes via placental transfer, causing herpes encephalitis in babies
70% fatality

39
Q

Genital wart

A

Papilloma virus causes mild skin growth
10% of GWs caused by serotypes that cause cancer

40
Q

Genital wart treatment

A

Topical podofilax (podophyllum)

41
Q

Lymphogranuloma veneruem

A

Tropical disease caused by chlamydia trachomatis
Massive inflammation of genital lymph nodes
Males: blockage of lymph vessels and enlargement of external genital
Female: rectal narrowing

42
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum diagnosis

A

Iodine staining of pus from infected lymph nodes

43
Q

Chlamydial genital infection sex differences with age

A

a lot higher in females, even in young age, even higher inreproductive age

44
Q

Chancroid (soft chancre)

A

Diseases of tropical areas (africa asia and latin america)
Caused by haemophilus ducreyi (gram negative rod)

45
Q

Chancroid symptoms and treatment

A

Swollen painful ulcer on genitals with infection of lymph nodes
erythromycin

46
Q

HIV type of virus

A

RNA (uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA)

47
Q

Describe structure of HIV virus

A

Envelope with spike proteins (antigenic), gp120 protein
Capsomere surrounding RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme

48
Q

How does HIV gain entry into T cells

A

gp120 on HIV binds to CD4 receptor on Th cell with aid of CXCR4 coreceptor on Th cell

49
Q

HIV replication

A

HIV used reverse transcriptase to convert viral RNA to DNA inside Th cell, uses host machinery to make multiple copies of itself (RNA and envelope)
Buds off from Th cell as progeny
Or stays in macrophages(latent)

50
Q

HIV transmission

A

Direct contact with infected body fluids (blood and semen)
Routes:
Intimate sexual contact, breast milk, trans placental, blood contaminated needles, organ transplants, blood transfusion)

51
Q

In what region is HIV/AIDs most prevalent

A

Subsaharan africa, then southern and southeast asia

52
Q

Describe the timeline of HIV infection in relation to T cell populations (8)

A
  1. Population of virus in blood peaks 1-2 months after infection
  2. populations of CD4 th cells depleted
  3. Seroconversion: antibodies against HIV appear in blood, HIV population declines
  4. HIV in blood population stabilises
  5. CD4 th cell population declines steadily
  6. Huge number of HIV generated by infected T cells
  7. Subclinical AIDS due to significant CD4 T cell depletion
  8. rise of HIV in blood as immune system breaks down

USC Microbiology 1 (9 decks)

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