week 9 - development in the family context Flashcards
What child outcomes are associated with divorce?
mental health problems, low self-esteem, aggression and antisocial behaviour, decline in academic performance, difficulties forming and sustaining relationships. Despite risks, outcomes for most children are good, especially for families with high conflict pre-divorce.
What factors affect the impact of divorce?
Level of parent conflict, stress experienced by custodial parent and children, age of child, long-standing characteristics of child, quality of contact with noncustodial parent, and custody arrangements.
What are the impacts on maternal employment on early childhood?
Concerns about a negative influence are unfounded, as long as childcare is good quality.
Explain the circles of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model (1979).
Microsystems: immediate environments
mesosystems: interconnections among Microsystems
ecosystems: settings with indirect influences
macrosystem: cultural context
chronosystem: change over time
According to Bronfenbrenner’s model, the family system has:
wholeness (the whole is greater than the sum of parts), adaptability.
What does bidirectionally between parent and child mean?
Children are not just passive recipients of parenting - they influence parents and vice versa.
What is the impact of child attractiveness on parenting?
Attractive children elect more positive responses, parents may invest more resources towards survival of attractive child.
What is the impact of birth order on parenting?
More responsive to first born and higher expectations.
What is parental socialisation?
The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture.
What are Baumrind’s (1971) 5 parenting styles?
Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved, and Unclassified.
What are the parent behaviours and child outcomes of authoritarian style parenting?
Parents are: high in coercive control, demand obedience, inconsistent discipline, manipulative, verbal hostility, misinterprets or ignores child’s feelings and needs.
Child outcomes: worst outcomes at adolescence in terms of lower competence and more mental health problems, hostile towards parents, higher levels of delinquency and alcohol abuse.
What are the parent behaviours and child outcomes of authoritative style parenting?
parents are: high in demanding ness not non-coercive, use discipline to teach and promote self-regulation, high in support, communicate and attempt to resolve disagreement jointly.
child outcomes: best outcomes at adolescence in terms of competence, popular with peers, lower drug use.
What are the parent behaviours and child outcomes of permissive style parenting?
parents are: highly responsive to child’s needs and wishes but overindulgent, low in control, fail to provide authority and order, permit child to make decisions before they are capable.
child outcomes: poorer mental health, lower academic achievement, more behaviour problems, more drug and alcohol problems.
What are the parent behaviours and child outcomes of uninvolved style parenting?
parents are: Low in responsiveness, emotionally detached, neglect, low in control, lack of rules / goals.
Child outcomes: poorer mental health, insecure or disorganised attachment relationships, more impulsive and anti social, less achievement oriented.
What are the socieconomic influences on parenting style?
Authoritarian parenting is more likely among parents with low SES. But relationship between SES and parenting is complex.
What are the ethnic influences on parenting style?
Parenting styles may be ethnocentric, can have different outcomes for different groups.
What is the Psychoanalytic theory (Alder, 1928; Freud, 1946)?
Dethronement of first-born child, resentment at loss of parental attention, leaves lasting impact on personality (birth order effects).
What are the key findings of transitioning to having a sibling?
No persistent negative effectives, any increases in aggression subsided by 4 months. Main predictors: attachment security, father’s parenting confidence, parents relationship quality.
What were the findings of the Pike and Oliver (2017) longitudinal study on sibling relationships?
Individual child behaviour predicts sibling relationship quality. sibling relationship quality predicts later child behaviour. Older siblings play a dominant role in modelling positive behaviours to younger siblings.
What were the results of Ross and Lazimski (2014), where parents were trained to mediate sibling conflict?
Post-intervention, parents were more likely than controls to discuss emotions, avoid blame and propose solutions. Children were more likely to initiate plans to resolve the conflict and discuss emotions.
How do parent characteristics influence sibling relationships?
Warm and responsive parenting is linked to more supportive sibling relationships, authoritarian responses to conflict leads more negative sibling relationships.
Explain Parents’ Differential Treatment of Siblings (PDT).
PDT is common, even if parents don’t like to admit it. Occurs due to different needs, personalities, emotional connections, gender, etc. Parents sometimes compensate for each other’s preferences. PDT leads to poorer sibling relationships and child outcomes.
Effects of PDT are reduced when:
Parenting is warm and responsive, children interpret PDT as justified, in adolescence, when children are boys.
What were the findings from Henderson and Taylor (1999) on PDT in established stepfamilies vs non-stepfamilies.
Mothers displayed more warmth and support with biological children, but also more monitoring and conflict. Fathers were more coercive, angry, and negative with non-biological children. Children also displayed more warmth to biological parent.
According to Bronfenbrenenr’s Bioecological model, the neighbourhood in which a child lives is part of the
Macrosystem.
According to Baumrind’s classification, parents who are high in warmth, support, and responsiveness and low in demandingness are…
Permissive
Kerr, Stattin, and Ozdemir (2012) investigated changes in youth behaviours and parenting style over a two year period. The relationship between these two factors was such that:
Youth behaviours predicted changes to parenting style.
How does a child’s birth order affect parenting behaviours?
More responsive to first born.
What type of parenting style is being displayed by parents who attempt to control their child’s behaviour through criticism, threats, and punishment?
Authoritarian.
