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PS2803 Developmental Psychology > week 6 - child emotional development (MPS) > Flashcards

week 6 - child emotional development (MPS) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is AFFEX?

A

A system for coding emotions in infants. It looks at the link between particular facial expression and facial muscle movements.

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2
Q

Adults tend to talk about what four emotions in regards to infant expression?

A

Happiness, anger, fear, and sadness.

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3
Q

What is recommend when studying early development of emotions?

A

To split emotions into two categories: positive and negative.

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4
Q

What is the development of smile/laughs/happiness in infants at the 1-3/4 week mark?

A

smiles are a physiological reaction, e.g., REM sleep.

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5
Q

What is the development of smile/laughs/happiness in infants at the 3/4-8 week mark?

A

children smile as a reaction to a stimulus, e.g., touch, object that attracts attention, etc.

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6
Q

What is the development of smile/laughs/happiness in infants from the 3-4 month mark onwards?

A

babies laugh as well as smile.

babies start showing smiles directed at people (social smiles).

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7
Q

What are social smiles?

A

initially are between the baby and the parents or carers.

Can promote a bond between the baby and the parents/carers.

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8
Q

What is the development of smile/laugh/happiness in infants from the 7-8 month mark onwards?

A

Babies smile primarily to people they know or are familiar with and become wary of unfamiliar people. Babies also smile when they can control an event.

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9
Q

What is the development of smile/laugh/happiness in infants from one year mark onwards?

A

infants expression of happiness increases to wider objects and events as their cognition develops.

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10
Q

Negative emotions in babies include:

A

fear, anger, and sadness.

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11
Q

What do some theorists claim about negative emotions in babies?

A

that babies cannot experience sadness or anger, they only experience undifferentiated states of distress.

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12
Q

Why is it difficult to know whether a baby experiences different types of negative emotions?

A

the type of crying a baby makes may be due to factors such as head position rather than variation of negative emotion, baby may be experiencing mixed emotions, the same child in the same situation may express different emotions.

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13
Q

What does there emergence of fear look like in infants around 4 months?

A

there is evidence that children start experiencing wariness when presented with unfamiliar objects.

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14
Q

When do the first signs of fear appear in infants?

A

Around 6-7 months. This is the same stage that babies smiles at familiar people and start being wary of unfamiliar people.

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15
Q

How does the fear of people develop in infants after age 6-7 months?

A

Fear of people intensifies and lasts until about age 2, though there are variations depending on the temperament of the baby and how the “strange” approaches the baby.

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16
Q

When do children begin to clearly express anger?

A

By 12 months.

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17
Q

When do toddlers express more anger?

A

18-24 months.

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18
Q

When do children begin to express less anger?

A

3-6 years because they can express themselves using language.

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19
Q

Why do toddlers express more anger during early development?

A

Because they do not distinguish between intentional and non intentional acts. (i.e. pushing without intention).

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20
Q

How does anger expression evolve as children age?

A

They express anger more at home compared to outside the home.

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21
Q

How does sadness develop in children?

A

In general, infants tend to show more anger or distress in situations they cannot control rather than sadness. As they get older there is a shift and they demonstrate more sadness especially when separated from parents/carers.

22
Q

What are some more complex/self conscious emotions?

A

guilt, shame, jealously, pride, empathy, embarrassment,, etc.

23
Q

When do children begin to express complex emotions?

A

From age 2 onwards, around the same time children develop and sense of self and how others react to the self.

24
Q

When does operation anxiety emerge in infants?

A

Around 8 months.

25
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

Is the distress a baby/toddler might suffer if their primary caregiver is separated from them. Babies and toddlers experience more separation anxiety if the parent/guardian moves from them than if they are the ones moving away.

26
Q

What is the consequence of persistent separation anxiety?

A

It can develop into a disorder.

27
Q

What is the frequency of depression in young children?

A

seems to be increasing. Some pre-school children already show signs of early depression.

28
Q

What are the three components of emotion competence (Halberstadt, Denham, & Dunsmore, 2001?

A

emotion expression, emotion regulation, and emotion understanding.

29
Q

In order to understand emotions children need to:

A
  1. Identify the emotions of others
  2. Understand the causes and dynamics of emotions
  3. Understand real vs. false emotions.
30
Q

What level of understanding do 3 month olds have on identifying emotions in others?

A

can identify the facial expression of happiness, surprise and anger.

31
Q

By 7 months babies can additionally identify which facial expressions?

A

fear, sadness, and interest.

32
Q

What is social referencing?

A

The use of a parent’s or other adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations.

33
Q

When does social referencing emerge?

A

By age 12 months.

34
Q

When does emotion labelling begin?

A

By 2 years old children can identify happiness. At 3 years old they can also label anger, fear, and sadness.

35
Q

When does the labelling of emotions like surprise or disgust begin?

A

Preschool age or older.

36
Q

When does the labelling of self conscious such as pride, shame, guilt begin?

A

Around mid-elementary age.

37
Q

What was the result of the Lagattuta, Wellman & Flavell (1997) study on understanding the causes and dynamics of emotion?

A

Story of an individual who experiences a loss, sees a reminder of loss a few days later and is sad again. Children aged 5-6 are able to understand why individual is sad, children aged 4 still cannot understand emotion as a result of an event which is not current. In second study all 4 and 5 year olds understood and a minority of 3 year olds were able to understand why character was sad.

38
Q

By what age do children realize that emotions people express may not reflect true feelings?

A

3 years.

39
Q

What are the six basic emotions many researchers believe are universal?

A

happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surpriseand disgust.

40
Q

Explain Darwin’s Discrete Emotions Theory.

A

Emotions are innate and are discrete from one another from very early in life. We know this from universal expression. Children express emotions before they have a chance to learn them from their environment.

41
Q

What is the functionalist approach?

A

Emphasizes the role of the environment in emotional development. Proposes that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal, (example - child cries when they want to get something).

42
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

The ability to manage your own emotions so that you function successfully in any given situation.

43
Q

What is co-regulation?

A

is when a caregiver provides an infant the comfort or distraction to help the child reduce their distress.

44
Q

what is self-comforting behaviour?

A

used by infants to help regulate their emotions.

45
Q

what is self-distraction behaviour?

A

children might look away or use other means to distract themselves from the upsetting situation/stimulus.

46
Q

What is the first step to helping a child regulate their emotions?

A

Helping them identify their emotions.

47
Q

What is ELSA?

A

Emotional Literacy Support Assistant.

48
Q

What is RULER?

A

Recognising, understanding, labelling, expressing, and regulating.

49
Q

From 7 to 8 months, babies primarily smile to only …

A

people they know and are familiar with.

50
Q

Braungart-Rieker et al (2010) research show that the development of fear appears when babies are around…

A

8 months.

51
Q

Pre-school children are able to label emotions such as…

A

surprise and disgust.

52
Q

Research by Lagattuta, Wellman & Flavell (1997) show that from 4-5 years old children start understanding that…

A

memories or cues can trigger emotions related to past events.

PS2803 Developmental Psychology (12 decks)

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