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BDS3 - Anatomy > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

when does the nasopharynx start

A
  • when nasal septum finishes
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2
Q

what is the posterior nare

A
  • where the opening is going into the nasal cavity from nasopharynx
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3
Q

what is the anterior nare

A
  • where air is going into nostril from front
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4
Q

what is the floor of the nasal cavity

A
  • same as hard palate
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5
Q

what are concha

A
  • little folds of bone into the nasal cavity

- covered by mucous membranes

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6
Q

what type of bone forms concha

A
  • porous

- like a prawn cracker

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7
Q

where does each concha come from

A
  • superior and middle come from ethmoid bone

- inferior is a bone in its own right

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8
Q

what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity lined by

A
  • respiratory

- pseudosatrified columnar epithelium and cells have cilia and there would be goblets cells within ciliated cells

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9
Q

what type of epithelium is at top of nasal cavity

A
  • special receptors for sense smell
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10
Q

what does the mucosa of nasal cavity do

A
  • warms incoming air

- mucous stick dirt to it and cilia waft mucous back the way to nasopharynx to be swallowed

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11
Q

what are the spaces between concha called

A
  • meatuses

- named after concha they are underneath

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12
Q

where does the air pass through the nasal cavity

A
  • along the meatuses
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13
Q

what does a nasal speculum do

A
  • if want to look in someone’s nasal cavity, you put these in their nostrils, then they spring apart and allow you to see concha
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14
Q

where does the nasolacrimal duct open

A
  • into inferior meatus of nasal cavity
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15
Q

what is the hiatus semilunar is

A
  • curved recess in middle meatus
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16
Q

what is the frontal air sinus

A
  • space in bone containing air

- opens into upper end of hiatus semilunaris

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17
Q

who is the frontal air sinus bigger in

A
  • men
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18
Q

where does the maxillary sinus open

A
  • lower end of hiatus semilunaris
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19
Q

where is the ethmoidal bulla

A
  • in concavity of hiatus semilunaris

- bulge of bone covered in mucous membranes

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20
Q

what is another name for the maxillary sinus

A
  • maxillary antrum
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21
Q

why do children often get infections of ethmoidal sinus

A
  • bone between orbit and sinuses is thin so possibility that infection could go into orbit
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22
Q

what is the maxillary sinus shaped like

A
  • 3-sided pyramid
  • base is medial side next to nasal cavity
  • apex is corner by zygomatic process of maxilla
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23
Q

which tooth is most commonly associated with maxillary sinus

A
  • upper first molar

- but could be any tooth from canine backwards

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24
Q

what epithelium is the maxillary sinus lined by

A
  • respiratory epithelium

- cells aren’t as tall as elsewhere in respiratory tract

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25
Q

what happens if you got an infection of the maxillary sinus

A
  • fluid tends to gather and fill up the sinus
  • difficult for infected material to drain out of sinus as opening is very high up
  • clinicians used to make hole at side to allow infected material to drain into the mouth
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26
Q

what nerve runs along the top of maxillary sinus

A
  • infraorbital nerve
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27
Q

what cancer is most common

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • epithelial cells change to squamous
  • become malignant
  • smokers more likely
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28
Q

how do you know if someone has OAC

A
  • fluid is forced up through it and gather in sinus and then fluid comes out the nose out the nostrils
  • patients then have to drink with head back so ti runs back down the throat
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29
Q

what is the difference between OAC and OAF

A
  • OAF is for if the opening has been there for some time and the epithelium of the sinus joins the epithelium of the oral cavity
  • fistula is an epithelial lined cavity
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30
Q

what runs through the sphenopalatine foramen

A
  • nasopalatine nerve

- runs down the septum

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31
Q

what does anterior superior alveolar nerve supply

A
  • anterior teeth
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32
Q

what does middle superior alveolar nerve supply

A
  • premolars

- not everyone has this

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33
Q

what does posterior superior alveolar nerve supply

A
  • molar teeth
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34
Q

what does greater palatine nerve innervate

A
  • poster 2/3 of hard palate
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35
Q

what does lesser palatine nerve innervate

A
  • soft palate
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36
Q

when does maxillary nerve become infraorbital nerve-

A
  • changes name once maxillary nerve has run through orbit and through infraorbital fissure
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37
Q

where does the ASAN nerve run

A
  • bony canal
  • called Canalis sinuosus
  • s-shaped canal
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38
Q

what are ASAN and MSAN a branch of

A
  • infraorbital nerve
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39
Q

what is PSAN a branch of

A
  • maxillary nerve

- comes off before nerve reaches orbit

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40
Q

how many lesser palatine nerves are there

A
  • 1-3
41
Q

what does the lateral nasal cartilages give shape to

A
  • bridge of nose
42
Q

what are alar cartilages

A
  • cartilages that give shape to medial side of nostrils
43
Q

what passes diagonally down nasal septum from sphenopalatine foramen to incisive canal

A
  • nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery
44
Q

what is the vestibule

A
  • area superior to nostril and anterior to inferior meatus and the atrium
45
Q

what is atrium

A
  • area superior to vestibule and anterior to middle meatus
46
Q

what 3 openings are in the hiatus semilunaris

A
  • opening of frontal sinus
  • opening of anterior ethmoidal cells
  • opening of maxillary sinus
47
Q

where do middle ethmoidal cells open

A
  • ethmoidal bulla
48
Q

where do anterior ethmoidal cells open

A
  • hiatus semilunaris
49
Q

where do posterior ethmoidal cells open

A
  • superior meatus
50
Q

which two concha are often fused together

A
  • middle and superior
51
Q

which concha is the biggest

A
  • inferior
52
Q

why does air travel under the concha

A
  • because there is not a lot of space between conchae and septum
53
Q

what is the septum formed from

A
  • soft tissues
  • immediately medial to entry there is soft tissue
  • a little further back there is cartilage
  • further back there is perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone which is also soft tissue
54
Q

what is the vomer

A
  • bone
  • thicker than other parts of septum
  • has a free posterior edge
55
Q

what does the nasopalatine nerve supply

A
  • supplied anterior 1/3 of palate
56
Q

where does the pituitary gland sit

A
  • in pituitary fossa in middle cranial fossa
57
Q

which meatus does the frontal sinus open into

A
  • middle
58
Q

where do the paranasal sinuses open

A
  • into the nasal cavity
59
Q

where does the maxillary sinus sit

A
  • in the area around the inferior concha, goes slightly below the floor too
  • opens into lower end of hiatus semilunaris
60
Q

what other sinus could be affected if there is an infection in the frontal sinus

A
  • the maxillary sinus
61
Q

how is it easy for infections in the ethmoidal sinuses to go into the orbit

A
  • because the bone between them both is very thin
62
Q

what sinus is in the sphenoid bone

A
  • sphenoid sinus

- right and left

63
Q

where does the sphenoid sinus open into

A
  • sphenoethmoidal recess
64
Q

what is an example of a tumour of the pituitary gland

A
  • acromegaly
65
Q

how do surgeons treat pituitary gland tumour

A
  • pass instruments through mucosa of nasal cavity, go through bone of sphenoid bone to access the pituitary fossa
  • transsphenoidal approach
66
Q

what does the nasolacrimal duct do

A
  • drains tears from the eyes
67
Q

where does the nasolacrimal duct come from

A
  • medial end of the eye
68
Q

where does the nasolacrimal duct open

A
  • below inferior concha, at highest point of the curve
69
Q

what happens when you have na infection in the maxillary sinus

A
  • pus builds up
  • will fill sinus
  • in bed at night, the fluid can drain into nasal cavity when lying down
70
Q

how does sinuses change as you grow

A
  • they enlarge
71
Q

what is another name for the zygomatic proces

A
  • zygomatic buttress
72
Q

why do we have sinuses

A
  • unsure
  • reduce weight of skull
  • helps with contours of the face as you grow
  • could influence voice
73
Q

why do you need to be aware of the lower limit of the maxillary sinus

A
  • for where the roots of teeth are

- for implant materials

74
Q

what is a change in epithelial called

A
  • metaplasia
75
Q

what is most common cancer of epithelium

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • half of patients who present with this malignancy the tumour starts to come through the bone
  • appears on the gum where there is no teeth
  • white area appears
76
Q

if child has shingles what nerve is affected

A
  • maxillary branch of trigeminal
  • infraorbital nerve
  • zygomatic nerve
77
Q

what does the infraorbital nerve give branches to

A
  • front of cheek, upper lip, little bit onto side of nose, onto eyelid
  • nasal, labial and palpebral branches
78
Q

what branch does the zygomatic branch of the maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve give off

A
  • temporal branch
79
Q

what nerve passes through the maxillary sinus

A
  • inraorbital nerve
80
Q

what is the path of the maxillary nerve

A
  • comes forward through foramen rotundum and cones into area behind upper jaw
  • passes into inferior orbital fissure
  • comes out of face trough infraorbital foramen
81
Q

what is the course of the zygomatic branch

A
  • passes separates into inferior orbital fissure
  • follow a more lateral course
  • branches in the bone to come out in the face
82
Q

where does the anterior superior alveolar nerve run

A
  • lateral wall of maxillary sinus in bony canals
83
Q

where does the posterior superior alveolar nerve run

A
  • comes off the back and passes through maxilla into back part of maxillary sinus
84
Q

what goes through the pterygopalatine fossa

A
  • greater palatine nerve
85
Q

where does the greater palatine nerve enter the bony palate

A
  • greater palatine foramen
86
Q

what does the nasal branches supply

A
  • nasal cavity

- side wall

87
Q

where does the nasopalatine nerve run

A
  • cross the roof of the nasal cavity
  • onto upper back part of nasal septum and comes down
  • supplies anterior 1/4 of hard palate
88
Q

where is the pteryogpalatine ganglion

A
  • within the pterygopalatine fossa
89
Q

what is the pterygopalatien ganglion involved in innervation of

A
  • lacrimal gland, little glands around nasal cavity, minor salivary glands in roof of mouth
90
Q

what branch of the facial nerve does the pterygopalatine ganglion receive

A
  • petrosal nerve
91
Q

what happens at the synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion

A
  • post fibres going to head follow branches of trigeminal nerve, use the sensory branches to travel to the glands in the palate
92
Q

what is the pterygopalatine fossa usually hidden by

A
  • zygomatic bone
93
Q

what is the pterygomaxillary fissure

A
  • entry into pterygopalatine fossa
94
Q

where does the maxillary nerve go through the skull

A
  • foramen rotundum
95
Q

how many frontal sinuses are there

A
  • 2
96
Q

how many maxillary sinuses are there

A
  • 2
97
Q

how many sphenoidal sinuses are there

A
  • 2
98
Q

what are mastoid air cells

A
  • within the mastoid process

- lots of little cavities containing air

99
Q

if patient was hit in the eye what could happen

A
  • damage to infraorbital nerve

BDS3 - Anatomy (10 decks)

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