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BDS3 - Anatomy > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for a stroke

A
  • cerebral vascular accident

- or shock

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2
Q

what would happen if a stroke involves the right internal capsule

A
  • paralysis would be on upper and lower left limbs

- because motor pathways are crossed

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3
Q

what is the thalamus

A
  • grey matter deep in the brain
  • last of the neuron fo sensory cortex passes through here
  • 3rd order sensory neurons
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4
Q

what is the lentiform nucleus

A
  • part of basal ganglia
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5
Q

what does the basal ganglia do

A
  • co-ordinates smooth muscle contractions
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6
Q

what happens if there is problems with basal ganglia

A
  • get irregular movements
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7
Q

what is the corticospinal tact

A
  • motor pathways that run through the internal capsule
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8
Q

what is the internal capsule

A
  • white matter between the lentiform nucleus and the thalamus
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9
Q

what is the motor decussation

A
  • where nerves cross over to other side to innervate
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10
Q

what are the cranial nerves that supply muscles

A
  • oculomotor supplies extraocular
  • trochlear supplies superior oblique
  • trigeminal supplies muscles of mastication
  • abducens supplies lateral rectus
  • facial nerve supplies muscles of facial expression
  • glossopharyngeal supplies stylopharyngeus
  • vagus supplies muscles of pharynx and larynx
  • accessory supplies pharynx and larynx and SCM and trapezius
  • hypoglossal supplies muscles of the tongue
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11
Q

what is a nucleus

A
  • place where cell bodies are clustered together
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12
Q

what are pharyngeal arches

A
  • give rise to certain muscle
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13
Q

what nerve does the first arch arise from

A
  • trigeminal
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14
Q

what nerve does the 2nd arch arise from

A
  • facial
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15
Q

what muscle does the 3rd pharyngeal muscle give rise to

A
  • stylopharyngeus
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16
Q

what are the 4th and 6th arches from

A
  • vagus nerve
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17
Q

what are somites

A
  • neurons that form near the midline
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18
Q

where are neurons from pharyngeal arches situated

A
  • more out to the side than somites
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19
Q

what is the nucleus ambiguous

A
  • a shared nucleus in the medulla for 9th, 10th and 11th nerves
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20
Q

why do cranial nerves give innervation to both sides of the body

A
  • so that when one side is damaged, the other motor cortex will still be able to innervate fibres
  • apart from lower motor neurons of facial nerve which is only supplied by the opposite side
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21
Q

what is the central sulcus of the brain

A
  • little groove running all the way
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22
Q

what does the central sulcus do

A
  • separates the frontal lobe from parietal
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23
Q

where is the pre-central gyrus

A
  • in front of central sulcus

- where the primary motor cortex is

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24
Q

where is the post-central gyrus

A
  • behind the central sulcus

- primary somatic sensory cortex is here

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25
Q

what does the parieto-occipital sulcus do

A
  • separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
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26
Q

what is in the occipital lobe

A
  • specific cortex which is called the primary visual cortex
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27
Q

what does the lateral sulcus do

A
  • separates temporal lobe from parietal
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28
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A
  • has specific cortex in it called primary auditory cortec

- take sound and hearing from inner ear to this area so we can perceive different things

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29
Q

what does Broca’s area do

A
  • controls muscles of speech
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30
Q

where does the occipital lobe end

A
  • transverse fissure
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31
Q

what is white matter

A
  • myelinated axons

- transmission tissue

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32
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made up of

A
  • grey matter

- unmyelinated cell bodies

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33
Q

what are ventricles

A
  • cavities in the brain and brainstem

- contain CSF

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34
Q

what is the hippocampus

A
  • bottom of lateral ventricle

- role in memory and emotions

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35
Q

what is corpus collosum

A
  • made up of commissionable fibres that allow for transmission of impulses from lateral hemispheres to each other
  • damaged during concussions
  • women have more
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36
Q

why are women better at multitasking

A
  • have more fibres of corpus collosum
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37
Q

what does the thalamus do

A
  • relay station for a lot of sensory information

- has a stalk that connects to pituitary gland

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38
Q

what is the pineal gland part of

A
  • thalamus
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39
Q

what is the diencephalon made up on

A
  • 3 things
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
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40
Q

what drains the 3rd ventricle

A
  • cerebral aqueduct
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41
Q

what drains the lateral ventricle

A
  • 3rd ventricle through intra-ventricular foramen
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42
Q

what does the superior colliculi do

A
  • be able to move

- reflective movement of your head in response to some visual stimulus

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43
Q

what does the inferior colliculi do

A
  • reflective head movements to auditory stimulus
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44
Q

what are cerebral peduncles

A
  • like a stalk
  • projective fibres that carry sensory information up to the cerebrum
  • around the midbrain
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45
Q

where do descending motor fibres cross

A
  • pyramid of medulla oblongata
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46
Q

what are olives

A
  • broken into superior and inferior
  • superior play a role in auditory pathways
  • inferior play role in proprioception and hearing
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47
Q

what is the cerebellum made up of

A
  • grey and white matter
  • grey matter on edges
  • grooves on back called folia which are folds
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48
Q

what is the vermis

A
  • worm-like structure between 2 sides
49
Q

where is the fall cerebri

A
  • between the vermis

- is a dural septa

50
Q

where does the olfactory nerve go

A
  • olfactory epithelium pick up different things and carry it up through cribriform plate to olfactory bulb
  • sensory nerve
51
Q

what does the optic nerve do

A
  • cross at optic chiasma
  • pick up sensation on vision and take it to primary vision cortex in the cerebrum
  • runs though optic canal
52
Q

what does oculomotor nerve do

A
  • comes out between peduncle fossa at the midbrain

- runs through superior orbital fissure and supplies a lot of extra-ocular muscles

53
Q

what does trochlear nerve do

A
  • runs through superior orbital fissure and supplies superior oblique muscle
54
Q

what does trigeminal nerve do

A
  • spits into 3 branches
  • opthalmic
  • maxillary
  • mandibular
  • supplies muscles of mastication and certain areas of skin on face
  • motor and sensory nerve
55
Q

what holes do trigmeinal branches run through

A
  • ophthalmic = superior orbital fissure
  • maxillary = foramen rotundum
  • mandibular = foramen ovale
56
Q

what does the abducens nerve do

A
  • runs through superior orbital fissure

- supplies lateral rectus

57
Q

what nerves go through superior orbital fissure

A
  • oculomotor
  • trochlear
  • abducens
  • ophthalmic division of trigeminal w
58
Q

what holes does facial nerve fo through

A
  • stylomastoid foramen and internal acoustic meatus
59
Q

what does facial nerve do

A
  • supplies muscle of facial expression, a lot of glands and also picks up sensation
  • motor and sensory nerve
60
Q

what does vestibulocochlear nerve do

A
  • runs through internal acoustic meatus

- carries dynamic and static equilibrium and just hearing

61
Q

what does glossopharyngeal nerve do

A
  • runs through jugular foramen

- supplies tongue, muscles of pharynx, sensations from baroreceptors

62
Q

what does vagus nerve do

A
  • main parasympathetic nerve
  • carries 90% flow
  • runs through jugular foramen
  • supplies many organs such as heart and lungs
63
Q

what are the 2 parts of the accessory nerve

A
  • one on cervicla part of spinal cord and on on medulla

- cervical branch comes off foramen magnum and merges with the brand off the medulla then runs through jugular foramen

64
Q

what does the accessory nerve do

A
  • supply trapezius muscle and SCM

- mainly a motor nerve

65
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve do

A
  • runs through hypoglossal canal and supplies extrinsic muscles of the tongue
  • mainly motor nerves
66
Q

what does lateral fissure do

A
  • separates frontal and temporal lobes
67
Q

where is the visual cortex

A
  • at the back of the brain on medial side of occipital lobe
68
Q

where is the motor speech area-

A

on left side

  • area used when starting to put words together
  • left hemisphere of frontal lobe
69
Q

what is the transverse temporal gyri

A
  • auditory cortex
  • sound received in these and the surrounding cortex is called the auditory association cortex or the receptive language area
  • interprets sound so we can understand them
70
Q

where is the central sulcu

A
  • halfway between anterior and posterior poles

- comes almost to lateral fissure but not quite

71
Q

what makes the central sulcus different from the other grooves on the brain

A
  • relatively straight and the same in most people
72
Q

where is the primary sensory/somaesthetic cortex

A
  • post central gyrus

- behind the central sulcus

73
Q

where is the primary motor cortex

A
  • pre-central gyrus

- area in fron of the central sulcus

74
Q

what area of the sensory and motor cortex is associated with head and neck

A
  • lower third
75
Q

what area of the sensory and motor cortex is associated with upper limb

A
  • above the area for head and neck
76
Q

what area of the sensory and motor cortex is associated with trunk

A
  • above area for upper limb
77
Q

what area of the sensory and motor cortex is associated with lower limb

A
  • above area for trunk
78
Q

what is somatotopic localisation

A
  • the phenomenon of how different parts are devoted to different areas of the body
  • concept that certain parts of the body are represented in different parts of the brain
79
Q

what does the amount of cortex reflect upon

A
  • the activity in each part of the body
80
Q

what size fo sensory cortex is for head and neck

A
  • quite large as it is a very sensitive region
81
Q

what size of sensory cortex is for upper limb

A
  • quite large as fingertips are quite sensitive
82
Q

what size of sensory cortex is for trunk and lower limb

A
  • quite small area
83
Q

what size of motor cortex is for head and neck

A
  • a lot as need movement to speak
84
Q

what size of motor cortex is for upper limb

A
  • large area as need fine movements for fingers
85
Q

what size of motor cortex is for lower limb and trunk

A
  • quite small
86
Q

where is the midbrina

A
  • immediately below the cerebral hemisphere
87
Q

where does the medulla meet the spinal cord

A
  • around the level of the foramen magnum
88
Q

what is the corona radiata

A
  • where the fibres come together

- white matter

89
Q

where are the internal and external capsules

A
  • internal capsule is between the lentiform nucleus and the thalamus
  • external capsule is on the other side of the lentiform nucleus
90
Q

where do neurons cross

A
  • lower medulla area

- decussation

91
Q

why is the internal capsule a weak area

A
  • a blockage in one artery can cause the whole capsule to be blocked which can lead to paralysis of upper and lower limb on opposite side of the body
92
Q

where does the corticospinal tract run

A
  • through the posterior limb of internal capsule
  • quite narrow space
  • runs from upper limb to lower limb fibres down through the corona radiata through the internal capsule and down the midbrain and pons and medulla till it crosses over
93
Q

what is the olive

A
  • bulge on side of medulla
94
Q

where is the nuclei for oculomotor and trochlear nerve

A
  • in the midbrain
95
Q

which nuclei are in the pons

A
  • trigeminal
  • abducens
  • facial nerve
96
Q

which nuclei are in the medulla

A
  • nucleus ambiguous for 9, 10 and 11

- hypoglossal nucleus

97
Q

what are nuclei that are formed near midline of the brainstem

A
  • somites
98
Q

what are nuclei that are on the outside of the brainstem

A
  • formed from pharyngeal arches
99
Q

which cranial nerve are purely sensory

A
  • 1, 2 and 8
100
Q

where does input for cranial nerves come from

A
  • head and neck area of motor cortex

- start of corticonuclear pathway

101
Q

where does the corticonuclear pathway go

A
  • runs alongside the corticospinal pathway
  • from head and neck area of motor cortex
  • lower third of motor cortex devoted to head and neck
  • pass through corona radiata to join the corticospinal fibres at the internal capsule
  • then, they all run through internal capsule
  • corticonuclear fibres cross as they approach the level of nucleus but some also stay on same side
  • corticospinal fibres all go to opposite side
102
Q

what is the difference between corticonucleur tract and corticospinal

A
  • corticonuclear fibres crossover to other side but also keep some fibres on the same side
  • all corticospinal fibres cross over to the other side
103
Q

where do vertebral arteries come from

A
  • subclavian artery and through transverse process
104
Q

what do th right and left vertebral arteries come together to form

A
  • the basilar artery
105
Q

what does the basilar artery go

A
  • gives off branches as it runs along to go to cerebellum
  • once reach the upper pons and about to go into midbrain it splits into 2 = right and left cerebral arteries which supply more posterior parts and under parts of cerebral hemisphere
106
Q

where is the right internal carotid artery

A
  • very close to pituitary stalk and optic chiasm
107
Q

what does the internal carotid artery split into

A
  • middle and anterior cerebral arteries

and posterior communicating artery

108
Q

what is the circle of arteries in the brain called

A
  • circle of Willis
109
Q

what do the lenticulostriate arteries do

A
  • give supply to internal capsule

- easy for these to block and cut off blood supply to internal capsule which leads to stroke and paralysis

110
Q

what can happen to patients in middle life at the circle of Willis

A
  • get little aneurysms which can burst and give a subarachnoid haemorrhage
  • severe headache and rapid loss of consciousness
  • common cause of sudden death
  • patient would have blood stained CSF
111
Q

what does damage to the internal capsule cause

A
  • paralysis to the upper and lower limb on the opposite side as well as paralysis of lower face and tongue
112
Q

what happens if middle cerebral artery is blocked

A
  • upper limb and head and neck regions of motor and sensory cortex are in that area so become paralysed
  • lower limb is not in this section so would be fine
113
Q

what happens if the left motor cortex is affected that doesn’t matter on the right

A
  • motor speech area affected

- if speech is unintelligible then that is a sign that the left side is affected

114
Q

how does someone with a cortex lesion differ from someone with a internal capsule lesion

A
  • more confused
115
Q

what is the cerebellum supplied by

A
  • superior, anterior interior, and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
116
Q

where does the internal carotid artery enter

A
  • through the carotid canal in the temporal bone
117
Q

what does corpus callosum do

A
  • connecting right hemisphere to left

- communicate through this

118
Q

where is CSF made

A
  • lateral ventricle

BDS3 - Anatomy (10 decks)

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