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BDS3 - Anatomy > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three general components to the ear?

A

External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear.

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2
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A

The auricle/pinna
External Acoustic Meatus

Part is made of cartilage and part is made of bone:
Outer: cartilage
Inner: bony wall.

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3
Q

What is the pinna and EAM made of?

A

Elastic cartilage.

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4
Q

What does the little hairs in the EAM do?

A

They help stop foreign bodies entering the EAM.

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5
Q

What do the ceruminous glands do?

A

These produce sticky wax and that traps any foreign particles that might go into the EAM.

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6
Q

What are the 3 ossicles that are found in the middle ear?

A 
The malleus (hammer)
The incus (anvil)
The stakes (stirrup).
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7
Q

What does the inner ear consist of?

A

Cochlea

Semi circular canals.

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8
Q

What is the function of the semi circular canals in the middle ear?

A

Give information about the position of the head in space and movement of the head.

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9
Q

What if the main function of the middle ear?

A

Inner ear is concerned with balance, position of the head and hearing.

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10
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the inner ear?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve.

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11
Q

What is the deepest part of the ear?

A

The umbo.

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12
Q

What is the degree of tension called that the middle ear is under?

A

Pars tensa.

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13
Q

What is the loose part of the middle ear called?

A

Pars flaccidda.

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14
Q

Where does the malleus attach to?

A

Attaches to the inside of the tympanic membrane and causes the con cavity at its deepest part (umbo).

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15
Q

What is the reflection from the instrument on the lower part of the anterior membrane called?

A

The cone of light.

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16
Q

What happens to the middle ear when you yawn?

A

As you yawn the auditory tube opens up and allows new air to enter to replace the air that has been absorbed by the lining of the middle ear cavity.

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17
Q

What are the features of the malleus?

A

Like a hammer/club
Head
Handle (attaches to the inside of the tympanic membrane at the umbo).

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18
Q

What does the incus look like?

A

Like an anvil (the word incus means anvil)

Has a long process which comes down to articulate with the stapes.

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19
Q

What does the stapes look like?

A

A stirrup.

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20
Q

What are the semi circular canals and the cochlea concerned with?

A

Semi- circular canals- concerned with balance

Cochlea- to do with sound.

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21
Q

What is “glue ear”?

A

Glue ear is where the empty middle part of the ear canal fills up with fluid. It’s more common in children but adults can sometimes get it too.

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22
Q

What are the differences between an adult and a child’s ear?

A

Child’s have a smaller tympanic membrane
Thin tympanic membrane
Tympanic membrane is much near the surface in a child
EAM is a lot shorter in children.

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23
Q

What is the medical term for glue ear?

A

Chronic otitis media with effusion.

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24
Q

What is the treatment for glue ear?

A

Usually nothing and just monitored- the child will grow out of it
If this doesn’t resolve:
A little ventilation tube (a grommet) is inserted into the tympanic membrane through a small cut
-The purpose of this tube is to let new air in which helps relieve the problem
-The mucous is absorbed by the lining
-After a few months this tube falls out by which the child has grown out of the problem.

25
Q

What is glue ear caused by?

A

Hypertrophy of the tubal tonsil that has blocked the auditory tube.

26
Q

Where is the mastoid antrum?

A

Just behind the tympanic cavity (which is where the ossicles are) there is a little cavity about 1cm across which is the mastoid antrum and from thus the air passes into the mastoid part of the temporal bone.

27
Q

What is the little hole that the stapes sits in?

A

Fenestra vestibuli (the oval window).

28
Q

What is the pathway of the facial nerve in the inner ear?

A

Once the facial nerve goes into the temporal bone it runs very close to the middle ear, passes very near to where the stapes is and then comes down between the tympanic cavity (where the ossicles are) and the mastoid air cells. Facial nerve runs though a little canal and comes out at the base of the skull and runs in the direction of the parotid gland where it branches.

29
Q

What happens to the ear if there is a big noise?

A

There are a couple of mechanisms involving little muscles to protect the little ossicles and the delicate apparatus of the cochlea:
If there is a loud sound, the tensor tympani running in a little canal very close to the auditory canal, contracts and pulls the handle of the malleus
Pulls on the tympanic membrane so there is less vibration of the tympanic membrane
Supplied by the 5th cranial nerve (formed from the first pharyngeal arch).

30
Q

What is the shape of the eyelid?

A

Eye lids have rather squared edges particularly in most of the extent but more rounded at the medial end.

31
Q

What does the iris look like?

A

The iris meets the lower lid at its edge but is covered partly by the upper lid
The iris is a diaphragm which regulates the size of the pupil to control to amount of light thag enters the eye
The upper eye lid partly covers the iris
It is pigmented and people have different colours
We see through this perfectly transparent cornea (part of the outer coat) ie cornea is over the iris and the pupil.

32
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The opening through which light enters the eye to get to the retina at the back.

33
Q

What mucous membrane covers the white of the eye?

A

Conjunctiva

This covers the sclera (outermost coat of the eye).

34
Q

What is the outermost coat of the eye called?

A

The sclera.

35
Q

What does the curvature of the eyelid help?

A

The curvature helps to stop your eyelashes sticking together when your eyes are closed.

36
Q

What can happen to the eye if a person has thyroid troubles?

A

There can be excess fat deposition in the orbit which pushes the eye slightly forwards. The eyelid then cuts across the upper edge of the iris.

37
Q

What is the infection called when the hair follicles of the eye become infected?

A

A stye.

38
Q

What are the special little glands called that are along the eye lid and produce oily secretions?

A

Meibomian glands.

39
Q

What is a meibomian cyst?

A

When the ducts of these glands get blocked and the patient can end up with a cyst.

40
Q

What do tears do?

A

Keep your eyes moist.

41
Q

What is the function of the oil that the meibomian glands produce?

A

The oil keeps tears between the eyelid and the front of the eye rather than spilling on to the face.

42
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland sit in the eye?

A

In the front part of the upper ive it on the lateral side and extending into the eyelid.

43
Q

What is the shape of the lacrimal gland?

A

Small, flat gland.

44
Q

What do the ducts of the lacrimal gland do?

A

Drain the tears into the conjunctival sac.

45
Q

Where are tears drained to?

A

The conjunctival sac.

46
Q

What might be damaged if a patient presents with facial trauma and there is an injury to the medial part of the eye?

A

The lacrimal carunculi.

47
Q

What is the lacrimal punctum?

A

The lacrimal punctum (plural puncta) or lacrimal point, is a minute opening on the summits of the lacrimal papillae, seen on the margins of the eyelids at the lateral extremity of the lacrimal lake. There are two lacrimal puncta in the medial (inside) portion of each eyelid.

48
Q

Tears are drawn into the duct system by what action?

A

Capillary action.

49
Q

Where is the lacrimal sac?

A

Just at the medial part of the orbit, lying against the orbital wall at the front of the medial side.

50
Q

What is an infection of the conjunctiva called?

A

Conjunctivitis.

51
Q

The lacrimal sac carries on down from the orbit into the bony canal which has the nasolacrimal duct - where does this open in to?

A

The inferior meatus of the nasal cavity.

52
Q

What lobe sits on the anterior cranial fossa?

A

The frontal lobe.

53
Q

What is the cranial cavity lined by?

A

Dura matter.

54
Q

What angle does the lateral wall of the orbit air at?

A

45 degrees.

55
Q

What is Horners syndrome?

A

Horner syndrome is a relatively rare disorder characterized by a constricted pupil (miosis), drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), absence of sweating of the face (anhidrosis), and sinking of the eyeball into the bony cavity that protects the eye (enophthalmos).

56
Q

What are the levator palpebrae muscle and the superior rectus muscle supplied by?

A

Oculomotor nerve.

57
Q

What happens when the trochlea muscle contracts?

A

When this muscle contracts it pulls on the tendon which allows it to change direction and the tendon will pull the eyeball.

58
Q

What branch of the facial nerve carries the fibres that convey sense of taste from anterior 2/3s of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani.

59
Q

How does the lever system of the middle ear work?

A

The ossicles (3 little bones) form a lever system

They have little synovial joints between them which are held in place by little ligaments

The thinking is that the foot plate of the stapes (the little oval part circled red) fits into a little window that separates the middle ear from the inner ear

This foot plate moves in and out and causes fluid in the cochlea to move

As the fluid moves special stereocilia on the receptor cells inside the cochlea move and that movement is turned into an electrical impulse which then goes along the vestibulocochlear nerve which is interpreted by the brain as the sound

The little foot plate of the stapes has to move in and out as the tympanic membrane vibrates = lever system

The lever system might magnify the sense of vibration so in fact the tympanic membrane in its area is just over 20 times bigger than the area of the foot plate of the stapes

Sound causes the tympanic membrane is vibrate just a little bit but the lever system magnifies the movement because the foot plate of the stapes is a lot smaller than the tympanic membrane.

BDS3 - Anatomy (10 decks)

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