week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the vault of the skull
A
roof of cranial cavity
2
Q
what is the view from above the skull called
A
norma verticalis
3
Q
what is the view from the side of the skull called
A
norma lateralis
4
Q
what is the view from the front of the skull called
A
norma frontalis
5
Q
what bones compose the vault of the skull
A
frontal bone
parietal bone
6
Q
what does the frontal bone overlie
A
frontal lobe of the brain
7
Q
in a young child, what is the suture between the 2 halves of the frontal bone before they fuse together
A
metopic suture
8
Q
at what age does the frontal bones tend to fuse / metopic suture disappear
A
around 2 years
9
Q
what does the parietal bones overlie
A
the left and right parietal lobes of the brain
10
Q
what are the bones of the skull joined together by
A
sutures
11
Q
what is intramembranous ossification
A
the type of ossification when a membrane forms from the mesenchyme and mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down the bone
12
Q
how are the bones in the vault of the skull laid down
A
intramembranous ossification
There is no cartilage precursor in the vault of the skull, the bone is laid down in membrane
13
Q
what are sutures
A
Sutures are fibrous joints
The sutures are unossified parts of membrane
The sutures have a serrated pattern, they interlock
14
Q
where is the coronal suture found
A
Runs from side to side coronal section
Separates the frontal bone from the two parietal bones
The word coronal refers to a crown (think of how a tiara runs from side to side as opposed to a crown going around the head)
15
Q
where is the sagittal suture found
A
Runs from front to back
Passes from the coronal suture at the midline, back to the occipital bone at the back of the skull
separates the right and left parietal bones
16
Q
can sutures be used to try and estimate the age of individuals
A
As people get older the sutures tend to become ossified
but it is a very inprecise way to try and tell the age of an individual
The degree of ossification varies greatly from person to person
But in general a younger person will tend to have open sutures, fibrous tissues still present whereas in older people the fibrous tissue may be replaced by bone
17
Q
what is the diamond shaped opening where the metopic suture, sagittal suture and coronal suture meet in child anatomy?
A
anterior fontanelle
usually closes by around 18 months
18
Q
what is the parietal foramen and where is it found
A
There are 2 little holes towards the back of the skull, one on the right and one on the left and these are called the parietal foramen
Theparietal foramen isan opening for theparietalemissary vein, which drains into the superior sagittal sinus
19
Q
what is the frontal eminence
A
On either side of the skull the most prominent part of the upper forehead
If the frontal eminence has a similar curvature to the rest of the skull you would think that it is a male skull
20
Q
if the frontal eminence has a similar curvature to the rest of the skull, what gender would you assume the skull is
A
male
21
Q
if the curvature at the parietal eminence is more curved than the rest of the skull, what gender would you assume the skull is
A
female
22
Q
what is the view from behind the skull called
A
normal occipitalis
23
Q
what suture does the sagittal suture join onto at the back of the skull
A
lambdoid suture
24
Q
what is common to see on the lambdoid suture
A
Common in the area of the lambdoid suture to see little islands of bone - these are called sutural bones or Wormian bones
25
why are sutures useful at the time of birth and within foetal life
At the time of birth the bones are quite thin and the sutures allow a little bit of movement between the skull bones to each other to allow the baby's head to more readily pass down the birth canal in time of labour when the baby is born
Sutures are there to help with growth
26
what is the external occipital protuberance
The external occipital protuberance is the most posterior part of the skull
Beneath this area, moving away from the vault, you can see where muscles of the head and neck attach to the skull
27
what is the glabella
The glabella is the smooth midline bony prominence between the supraciliary arches of the frontal bone, more prominent in males, found just above the bridge of the nose
28
what does the frontal bone make up
the forehead and contributes to the orbital roof
29
how many parietal bones are there and where are they found
one on the left and the right
separated by sagittal suture
either side of midline
30
what part of the skull does the occipital bone contribute to
Part of the occipital bone is within the vault of the skull
part of it contributes to the base of the skull (below the level of the external occipital protuberance)
31
the temporal bone is made up of several parts - what are these
```
§ Squamous
§ Zygomatic process
§ Mastoid
§ Petrous
§ Styloid process
```
32
what is the squamous part of the temporal bone
flattened bone on the side of the vault of the skull
33
where is the zygomatic process found
- attached to the squamous part of temporal bone going forward and meeting the zygomatic bone
- there is a little suture between these bones that can be felt in you palpate your face in that place
34
what is the mastoid process
a projection that lies behind the ear
this is another feature to look for when trying to identify the gender of the skull [males tend to have fairly large mastoid processes, in females it tends to be smaller]
35
what is the tympanic plate
a little bone that forms along the wall of the external auditory (acoustic) meatus
36
where does the external auditory meatus go towards
the ear drum
37
where is the sphenoid bone found
Shaped a bit like a butterfly, lies on the floor of the cranial cavity across the midline
Can see the greater wing of the sphenoid bone from the norma lateralis view
38
what bones does the sphenoid bone come into contact with
In contact with the
- frontal,
- parietal,
- temporal and
- zygomatic bones
39
what is the pterion and what is it's significance
a particularly thin area of the skull - if you get a blow to the skull in this region it can fairly easily get broken
an area along where the sutures run and they look like the letter 'H'
Inside the cranial cavity at the point of the pterion, there is an important artery running along a groove in the bone called the middle meningeal artery
If the pterion becomes fractured it may rupture the artery resulting in an extradural haemorrhage - blood escapes from the artery to the dura mater around the brain
40
what is the significance of the temporal lines
There are 2 - inferior and superior
The temporalis muscle (used to close your jaw), its fibres are attached to the bone here in an area called the temporal fossa [from these lines downwards]
these lines are land marks on the side of the skull
41
what is the name of the place where the coronal suture meets the sagittal suture
bregma
42
what is a name for the roof of the orbit
the orbital plate of the frontal bone
43
does the maxilla contribute to the orbit?
Contributes to the lower, slight medial side of the orbital margin and extends slightly back into the floor of the orbit
44
where is the nasal bones attached / found
2 small bones, the left and right nasal bone
Quite thin
Attached to frontal bone and maxilla and to each other (sutures)
If someone has trauma to the nose it is not uncommon for nasal bones to break
Forms the upper part of the anterior nasal aperture (pear shaped)
45
what does the zygomatic bone form
Forms the prominent part of the cheek
Also forms part of the lateral wall of the orbit
46
what bones is the zygomatic bone attached to
Joined to the frontal and the maxilla bones by sutures
47
where is the supra orbital foramen found and what is its significance
on frontal bone
Can be a notch or foramen / hole
An important sensory nerve to the forehead comes out from here from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
Also accompanied by blood vessels
Supplies sensation and the blood supply to the forehead
Travels up the frontal bone
48
where is the infra orbital foramen found and what is its significance
comes in maxilla
A continuation of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Gives sensation to front part of cheek, side of nose, lower eyelid, upper lip and gingivae and anterior teeth
49
where is the mental foramen found and what is its significance
found in mandible
mental nerve comes out through, branch of the mandibular division of CN V (continuation of IAN)
Runs into the mandible on the medial side in the bone then gives off the mental nerve as a branch around the area below the premolars
Sensory nerve to the skin and the chin area and to the lower lip and lower gingiva
50
if sockets of teeth can be seen in a skull what does this tell you about when the teeth were lost
teeth lost post mortem
51
how can the supra orbital foramen help with assessment of consciousness
by pressing down on the supra orbital foramen, this will cause pain without doing any damage to the patient
§ Patient may groan in response to the pain
§ Part of the Glasgow coma scale
52
what is the zygomatic process of the maxilla also called
zygomatic buttress
53
what does the frontal air sinuses communicate with
nasal cavity
54
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
55
what is the first cervical vertebrae called
atlas
56
what is the second cervical vertebrae called
axis
57
what are cervical vertebrae 3 to 6 called
typical cervical vertebrae
58
what is the body of a typical cervical vertebrae like
Not absolutely flat, slightly curved from side to side
| The lateral parts tend to rise up in comparison to the central parts
59
what would you find inside the vertebral foramen
Inside this you would find the cervical spinal cord surrounded by the meninges and spinal fluid
Between the meninges and the bone there would be some fat and a venous plexus ?
60
what does all the vertebral foramen together make up
the spinal canal / vertebral canal
61
what is found behind the vertebral foramen
the vertebral arch which is made up of a pedicle and the lamina
62
what is at the posterior of the typical cervical vertebrae
the spinal process
Typical cervical vertebrae have spinal processes that splits into 2 - bifid
Ie there are 2 prongs to it
63
what is the hole within the transverse process called and what does it carry
called the foramen transversarium
this carries the vertebral artery [at least in C1 to C6 - C7 still has the hole but it doesn’t actually carry the vertebral artery]
64
how are vertebrae joined together
intervertebral discs between the bodies
Intervertebral discs are largely made from rings of fibrocartilage
With a soft centre called the nucleus
Classified as a secondary cartilaginous joint or a symphysis {bone - fibrocartilage - bone)
65
how do the vertebrae join together at the side
At the side, the vertebrae joins together by little facet joints - superior articular facet and inferior articular process
Synovial joint - covering of articular cartilage, capsule lined by synovial membrane and inside the joint there is synovial fluid
The facet joint is subject to diseases, particularly osteo-arthritis
Osteophytes = bony lumps that grow on the bones of the spine or around the joints {found on the edges of the synovial joint caused by osteoarthritis}
66
how do spinal nerves leave the vertebrae
by passing over the pedicle (bone)
In the cervical spine, the nerve that’s coming over the top of the pedicle is the one that corresponds to the vertebra
§ Ie C1 passes over the atlas
§ C2 passes over the axis
§ C3 over the C3 vertebra
The little groove for the nerve (coming out over the pedicle) get larger as you go from C3 to C6
67
how can you tell the difference between the typical vertebrae
Could only tell the difference between the typical vertebrae if you had all 4 for comparison
The notch gets bigger as you go down the spine as the nerves passing through also get larger as you go through
68
what does the atlas do
supports the skull
69
what is the difference with C7 compared to the other vertebrae
atypical cervical vertebrae
○ With regards to the body and transverse process it is fairly similar to the typical cervical vertebrae
○ Has a very obvious spinous process - larger than the others and is not bifid ~ looks similar to spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae
○ Has a foramen transversium but the vertebral artery doesn’t go through that (this only occurs from C6 up)
70
what is special about the axis
C2
○ Has a bony part called the odontoid process (also sometimes called the dens - this is because the bony projection kind of looks like a canine tooth)
○ The dens held against the inside of the atlas against the anterior arch of the atlas - the transverse ligament of the dens would pass behind it and hold the dens in place
○ The facets on the side between the axis and the atlas are flat to allow for rotation to take place
Has a large transverse process
71
when you rotate your head, where is most of the movement
most of the movement is between the atlas and the axis
○ The ligaments that pass behind the dens allows it to pivot - the atlas turns around the dens
○ The atlas moves along with the skull
Transverse ligament of the atlas – connects the lateral masses of the atlas, and in doing so anchors the dens in place
72
what is special about the atlas
C1
○ Atlas doesn’t have a vertebral body
○ There's a bar of bone instead called the anterior arch of the atlas
○ There is also no spinous process - there is a tubercle at the posterior part of the atlas
○ The upper surface of the atlas had kidney shaped / oval facets, rather concave, to articulate the occipital condyles of the skull
Transverse process is much wider than the other vertebrae
73
how do we get nodding movements
• Between the atlas and the skull we get nodding movements by retraction and extension
The atlanto-occipital joints consist of an articulation between the spine and the cranium.
They occur between then superior facets of the lateral masses of the atlas and the occipital condyles at the base of the cranium.
These are condyloid type synovial joints, and permit flexion at the head i.e. nodding.
74
what does the anterior arch of the atlas rest against and why
The anterior arch of the atlas rests against the dens to allow rotation of the head
75
what is the long spinous process of C7 sometimes called
vertebra prominens
can be felt at the lower part at the back of the neck
76
can you feel the spinous process of the axis?
yes
77
can you feel the spinous process of the typical vertebrae?
no
| because there is a thick ligament called ligament nuchae which overlies the spinous processes of C3 to C6
78
how many cervical spinal nerves are there
8
79
how many cervical vertebrae are there
7
there is able to be more spinal nerves because the fist spinal nerve C1 comes out over the atlas
80
how is the vertebral column of the neck curved and what is this called
The vertebral column of the neck is curved in such a way that it is convex forwards
Called the cervical lordosis
81
where are the frontal air sinuses found
Within the frontal bone, above and behind the superciliary arches
82
what are the temporal lines found
parietal bones
83
what does the inferior temporal line give attachment to
the temporalis muscle
84
what does the superior temporal line give attachment to
temporal fascia
85
what does the occpital bone enclose
foramen magnum
86
what is the atlanto-occipital joint made up of
made up of the occipital condyles and the superior articular facets of C1 (atlas)
87
what type of joint is the atlanto-occpital joint and what actions does it have
The atlanto-occipital joint is essentially a uni-planar joint, with a sliding and rolling action between the components.
Flexion and extension are the predominant movements and there is some lateral flexion
88
what does the temporal bones contribute to
base and lower lateral aspect of the skull
89
where is the external auditory meatus in relation to the TMJ and the mastoid process
The TMJ lies in front of the external auditory meatus
mastoid process found immediately behind the external auditory meatus
90
Name the 5 parts of the temporal bones
```
○ Styloid process
○ Squamous
○ Tympanic
○ Mastoid
○ Petrous
```
91
what are the shapes of the superior and inferior articular facets of the lateral masses of the atlas
The superior surfaces carry kidney shaped articular facets for the occipital condyles
The inferior surfaces are flat or slightly concave
92
what is the dens
The dens (odontoid process) is a conical projection that arises from the superior surface of the vertebral body (C2)
93
what forms the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
94
what helps the form the nasal aperture
maxilla
95
where does the frontal process of the maxilla go to
frontal bone
96
what is the alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible
where the teeth are
97
what bone is the zygomatic process / buttress part of
where does it attach
part of maxilla
attaches to zygomatic bone
98
what is the highest point of the skull
bregma
99
does the muscle lines on the occipital bone tend to be more marked in a male or female skull
male
100
is the mastoid process bigger in males or females
males
101
what part of the temporal bone is very dense
petrous part
102
what makes the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Together they make the zygomatic arch
