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BDS3 - Anatomy > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

where with regards to the level of the vertebra is the cricoid cartilage found

A

level of the C6 vertebra

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2
Q

where does the larynx become continuous with the trachea

A

At the cricoid cartilage (level of the C6 vertebra) the larynx becomes continuous with the trachea

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3
Q

what is the only muscle that can abduct the vocal fold

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

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4
Q

where does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle run

A

runs from the back of the cricoid lamina to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

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5
Q

what is the motor nerve supply of the laryngeal muscles

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

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6
Q

what muscle of the larynx is the exception (ie is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve) and what innervates it

A

the cricothyroid (innervated by the external laryngeal nerve)

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7
Q

what supplies the mucous membrane below the vocal folds

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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8
Q

what supplies the mucous membrane above the folds

A

internal laryngeal nerve

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9
Q

what is the main nerve that gives off the different branches to the membranes and muscles of the larynx

A

vagus

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10
Q

what is the pharynx

A

Muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the C6 vertebra

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11
Q

where does the pharynx become the oesophagus

A

at the level of the C6 vertebra

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12
Q

what is the nasopharynx

A

The nasal part

Part of the respiratory tract

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13
Q

what lies in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

The opening of the auditory tube lies in the lateral wall

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14
Q

what lies in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

A

The pharyngeal tonsil

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15
Q

what are common causes of enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes

A

“sore throats” (pharyngitis) and infection of the tonsils (tonsilitis) are common causes of enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes

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16
Q

are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx part of the respiratory tract or alimentary tracts

A

common to both

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17
Q

where are the palatine tonsils found

A

in oropharynx
Palatine tonsils are found just behind the palatoglossal folds (junction with the mouth) and in front of the palatopharyngeal folds

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18
Q

where are the vallecular found

A

At the base of the tongue, in front of the epiglottis, lie two shallow depressions known as vallecular

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19
Q

what are the 3 main muscles of the pharynx

A

Mainly 3 pairs of constrictor muscles

  • inferior
  • middle
  • superior
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20
Q

where does the inferior constrictor arise from

A

The inferior constrictor arises from the side of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages

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21
Q

where does the middle constrictor arise from

A

The middle constriction arises from the horns of the hyoid bone

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22
Q

where does the superior constrictor arise from

A

The superior constrictor comes from inside of the mandible, pterygomandibular raphe and medial pterygoid plate

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23
Q

where does the fibres of all the constrictor muslces run to

A

The fibres run backwards and upwards to converge posteriorly onto the midline pharyngeal raphe

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24
Q

what are 3 other smaller muscles that run down from above to blend with the constrictors

A

§ The stylopharyngeus (from the styloid process)

§ The palatopharyngeus (from the soft palate)

§ Salpingopharyngeus (from the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube)

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25
Q

what muscles raise the larynx during swallowing

A

§ The stylopharyngeus
§ The palatopharyngeus
§ Salpingopharyngeus
§ inferior constrictor muscles

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26
Q

what is the innervation of the pharynx

A

Mainly from the pharyngeal plexus, found posteriorly on the middle constrictor,

formed by pharyngeal branches of
§ the vagus (which provide motor and sensory fibres)
§ and glossopharyngeal nerves (which provide sensory fibres only)

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27
Q

what is waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

With the pharyngeal tonsil at the back of the nasopharynx and the lingual tonsil in the base of the tongue, there is thus a protective ring of lymphoid tissue at the start of the alimentary and respiratory tracts

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28
Q

when can you palpate the thyroid gland

A

The gland is usually only visible or palpable when enlarged ~ then called a goitre

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29
Q

what does the parathyroid glands secrete

A

Their endocrine secretion, calcitonin, helps to control blood calcium

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30
Q

what is the hard palate

A

Hard palate is skeletal palate covered by the mucous membranes

bony palate plus mucous membranes

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31
Q

what is the hard palate called in a skull

A

the bony palate

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32
Q

what does the pharynx conduct

A

The pharynx is a passage way that conducts both air and food

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33
Q

what is the nasopharynx lined by

A

respiratory epithelium

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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34
Q

what are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined by

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

like other parts of the alimentary tract

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35
Q

what is in the soft palate

A

muscles and fibrous tissue

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36
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

Nasopharynx extends from the back edge of the nasal septum to the edge of the soft palate

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37
Q

what tube opens into the nasopharynx

A

auditory tube

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38
Q

what is the auditory tube

A

Auditory tube is a passage way that allows air to enter the middle ear

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39
Q

what epithelium lines the middle ear

A

The middle ear is air filled and is lined by respiratory epithelium as well, quite low but of respiratory type

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40
Q

what happens to the air in the middle ear

A

Over a period of time, the air in the middle ear gets absorbed by the lining and needs to be replaced and the auditory tube allows the new air to enter the middle ear from time to time

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41
Q

how can people get infections in the middle ear

A

via the auditory tube

For example someone has a bad throat infection it can pass into the middle ear

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42
Q

what surrounds the opening of the auditory tube

A

it is surrounded by a raised area called the tubal elevation

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43
Q

towards the middle ear, what is the auditory tube made of

A

The auditory tube is made of bone, it is a bony canal

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44
Q

at the medial end / part coming into the nasopharynx, what is the auditory tube made of

A

made of cartilage

The medial end of the cartilage projects a little way into the nasopharynx covered by mucosa

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45
Q

what is the tubal elevation caused by

A

So the tubal elevation is really caused by the cartilage underlying the mucosa which forms the medial end of the auditory tube

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46
Q

what is found behind the tubal elevation

A

there is a very deep recess in the side wall of the pharynx called the pharyngeal recess

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47
Q

what is another name for the pharyngeal recess

A

fossa of rossenmuller

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48
Q

what is the pharyngeal recess

A

a deep pocket of mucosa

important site of pathology

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49
Q

what is found lateral to the phayrngeal recess

A

internal carotid artery

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50
Q

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx

A

the edge of the soft palate
the palatoglossal fold
tip of the epiglottis

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51
Q

what is the palatoglossus muscle

A

Palatoglossus muscle is a little muscle extending from the tongue to the soft palate

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52
Q

what is the palatoglossal fold / where is it

A

Inside the food pathway, right at the boundary between the mouth and the oropharynx the little palatoglossus muscle raises a fold of the mucosa

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53
Q

what is found anterior and posterior to the palatoglossal fold

A

Anterior to the palatoglossal fold is the oral cavity

beyond the fold is the oropharynx

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54
Q

what is the palatopharyngeal fold

A

found just behind the soft palate
fold in the mucosa that is sort of going in a backwards direction
Blending with the mucosa of the wall of the pharynx

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55
Q

what muscle is found within the palatopharyngeal fold

A

the palatopharyngeus muscle

blends with the wall of the pharynx

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56
Q

what role does the palatopharyngeal fold play in swallowing

A

When you swallow the soft palate meets the back wall of the nasopharynx and the little muscle palatopharyngeus helps to bring the soft palate against the back wall of the pharynx which helps to improve the seal to stop fluid going up into the airways

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57
Q

what is found in the area between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold

A

palatine tonsils

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58
Q

in what age group is the palatine tonsils well developed and why

A

Very well developed in young children when the immune system is active and lymphocytes to fight infections for the first time are being produced

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59
Q

where does the palatine tonsil sit

A

sits in the tonsillar fossa

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60
Q

what is the tonsillar fossa

A

The tonsillar fossa is the recess between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold

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61
Q

what is the deep recess between the tongue and the epiglottis called

A

vallecula

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62
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

leaf shaped piece of cartilage covered by mucosa

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63
Q

what sort of fibres are found within the epiglottis cartilage

A

Elastic and collagen fibres

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64
Q

what is the boundary between the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

tip of the epiglottis

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65
Q

what is the arch of the two palatoglossal folds called

A

isthmus of the fauces

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66
Q

what is the cricoid cartilage

A

The cricoid cartilage is a cartilage of the larynx

= Bar of cartilage found half way down the neck

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67
Q

what starts below the cricoid cartilage

A

trachea

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68
Q

where does air travel

A

Air comes through nasal cavity, through nasopharynx, down through oropharynx then goes off into the larynx

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69
Q

where does food travel

A

Food comes into oral cavity, passes through the palatalglossal folds, then the oropharynx, pushes against the epiglottis (which is springy and gets out of the way) and travels down in the laryngopharynx down to the oesophagus

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70
Q

what is found just below and lateral to the inlet to the larynx in the side wall of the laryngopharynx

A

there is a pear shaped recess of the mucosa called the pyriform fossa

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71
Q

what is the pyriform recess

A

A pocket in the mucosa just below and lateral to the inlet to the larynx

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72
Q

why is the pyriform recess a common place to get food stuck within

A

When you swallow the tongue moves the bolus back (styloglossus important here)

the bolus slides down into the oropharynx and hits the epiglottis and pushes the epiglottis down to help cover the inlet to the larynx (which also closes with a sphincter mechanism)

The food slides over the epiglottis and the epiglottis tends to make the food go to the side rather than down the midline

So the food comes down through this pocket (pyriform recess) and carries down the laryngopharynx into the oesophagus

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73
Q

how does tonsil tissue try to protect the airways

A

Tonsils harbour micro-organisms, make a really good immune response

the activated lymphocytes go off into the general circulation

Should the infection go down into your lungs the blood is able to deliver lymphocytes that can amount an immune response against the organisms

Tonsil tissue = important part of immune system

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74
Q

what is the tubal elevation rich in

A

The tubal elevation is very rich in tonsillar tissues

○ Lots of lymphoid tissue in this region
○ Helps with immune responses

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75
Q

what is found in the mucosa of the nasopharynx

A

there is a lot of tonsillar tissue / lymphoid tissue called the pharyngeal tonsil

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76
Q

what are the pharyngeal tonsils often called

A

Often called the adenoids

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77
Q

where would you find the lingual tonsil

A

On the posterior third of the tongue

find lots of lymphoid tissue here

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78
Q

name the tonsils found in the upper pharynx

A

the pharyngeal tonsil
the tubal tonsils
the palatine tonsil
the lingual tonsil

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79
Q

what is the name for the tonsillar tissues around the start of the airway region

A

Waldeyer’s Ring of tonsillar tissue

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80
Q

how does waldeyer’s ring protect the airways

A

Interrupted series of tonsils around the start of the airways to protect the airways

by amounting immune responses so lymphocytes go off into circulation

should the micro-organisms appear anywhere else, like in your lungs, the lymphocytes that have been activated are delivered to amount an immune response against the micro-organisms

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81
Q

why are tonsillectomies not commonly done anymore

A

Palatine tonsil is supplied by the tonsillar branch of the facial artery

Sometimes after a tonsillectomy this artery can haemorrhage and quite a lot of blood can be lost through that tonsillar branch

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82
Q

what is the long prong of bone that comes from the base of the skull

A

styloid process

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83
Q

where does the styloglossus muscle run

A

comes downwards and forwards from the styloid process

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84
Q

where does the stylohyoid muscle run

A

comes downwards and forwards from the styloid process towards the hyoid bone

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85
Q

what muscle comes from the styloid process higher up and runs to the wall of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

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86
Q

what pharyngeal arch does the stylopharyngeus muscle form from

A

3rd pharyngeal arch

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87
Q

what nerve supplies the stylopharyngeus musclle

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)

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88
Q

what pharyngeal arch is the glossopharyngeal nerve formed from

A

3rd pharyngeal arch

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89
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve give sensory supply to

A

Supplies sensation to much of the oropharynx area

posterior 1/3 of tongue

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90
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve give motor supply to

A

the stylopharyngeus muscle

only supplies one muscle

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91
Q

what marks the start of the origin of the pterygomandibular raphe

A

pterygoid hamulus

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92
Q

what is the pterygomandibular raphe

A

fibrous band between the pterygoid hamulus and the mandible

93
Q

what is the pterygoid hamulus

A

the little projection at the back of the mouth at the lower end of the medial pterygoid plate

94
Q

what are the 3 muscles that surround the pharynx

A

3 constrictor muscles

  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior

These muscles are made of skeletal muscle but they are under strong reflex control

95
Q

what is the bony projection at the base of the skull that the superior constrictor muscle attaches to

A

pharyngeal tubercle

this projection is a little bit in front of the foramen magnum

96
Q

what is found at the back of the pharynx that the muscles actually pass into

A

pharyngeal raphe

97
Q

where does the middle constrictor muscle attach to

A

the hyoid bone

98
Q

what are the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage made from

A

hyaline cartilage

99
Q

what muscle attaches to the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and the fibrous band between them

A

inferior constrictor muscle

100
Q

what muscle comes from the styoid process and blends with the wall of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

101
Q

where does the stylopharyngeus muscle pass

A

between superior and middle constrictor muscles

102
Q

what nerve supplies the mucosa of the oral pharynx and the nasal pahrynx

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

103
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the pharynx

A

vagus nerve

104
Q

what is the pterygoid hamulus

A

Little bony projection at the bottom end of the medial pterygoid plate

105
Q

what muscle’s tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus

A

tensor veli palatini

106
Q

where does the tensor veli palatini muscle run

A

runs from the base of the skull (close to where the auditory tube is)

The tendon turns a corner and winds around the pterygoid hamulus

107
Q

what do the tendons of the veli palatini muscle create

A

The 2 tendons spread out and form a flattened sheet that forms the skeleton of the soft palate

this is called the palatal aponeurosis

108
Q

what happens when the tensor veli palatini muscles contract

A

When the tensor veli palatini muscles contract, the tendons are pulled so the soft palate becomes tense

109
Q

what nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini muscle

A

The tensor is supplied by the mandibular nerve early on (cranial nerve 5)

110
Q

what pharyngeal arch is the tensor veli palatini formed from

A

first pharyngeal arch

111
Q

what is the second muscle that runs down towards the palate

A

levator veli palatini

112
Q

where is the levator veli palatini found

A

comes from behind the auditory tube (base of the skull) and attaches to the upper aspect of the palatal aponeurosis

113
Q

what is the function of the levator vveli palatini

A

pulls the palate up

114
Q

what nerve supplies the levator veli palatini

A

vagus nerve

115
Q

where does the palatoglossus muscle run

A

little muscle from the tongue that runs up to the soft palate

116
Q

what nerve supplies palatoglossus muscle

A

vagus nerve

117
Q

where does the tongue sit with regards to the palatoglossus muscle

A

The tongue is sitting in between the palatoglossus muscles

118
Q

what is the little muscle behind the palatoglossus muscle called

A

palatopharyngeus muscle

119
Q

what does the palatopharyngeus muscle attach to

A

It also attaches to the palatal aponeurosis

It then kind of passes downwards and backwards and blends with the wall of the pharynx

120
Q

What nerve supplies the paltopharyngeus muscle

A

vagus nerve

121
Q

what is the isthmus of the fauces

A

the space between the palatoglossal folds

122
Q

what is found at the back end of the soft palate

A

the uvula

123
Q

what is the uvula and what is its function

A

Little fleshy piece that improves the seal of the soft palate when swallowing fluids

124
Q

where are the uvular muscles found

A

Running in the soft palate and immediately on the upper surface of the palatal aponeurosis on either side of the midline there are a couple of little muscles running back the way

125
Q

what is the soft palate

A 
It is a thick fold of mucosa enclosing 
○ An aponeurosis
○ Muscular tissue
○ Vessels
○ Nerves
○ Lymphoid tissue
○ Mucous glands
126
Q

what do the muscles of the soft palate do

A

alter position and shape of the fibrous aponeurosis of the soft palate

127
Q

what muscles are in the soft palate / associated with the soft palate

A 
○ Tensor veli palatini
○ Levator veli palatini
	§ The palatine muscles are supported by a palatine aponeurosis and covered on their superior and inferior surfaces by mucosa
○ Palatoglossus
○ Palatopharyngeus muscle
○ Salpingopharyngeus 
○ Muscularis uvulae
128
Q

what is the epithelium of the soft palate

A

The oral surface is covered by stratified squamous epithelium and on its nasopharyngeal surface by stratified ciliated epithelium

129
Q

what does palpation of the soft palate cause

A

Palpation of the soft palate elicits the gag reflex

130
Q

what is the blood supply of the soft palate

A

Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery

Ascending palatine branch of the facial artery

Palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery

131
Q

what drains the soft palate

A

Pterygoid and tonsillar plexuses

Lymph is drained into the deep cervical lymph nodes

132
Q

what is the nerve supply of the soft palate

A

Greater and lesser palatine and nasopalatine branches of the maxillary nerves and the glossopharyngeal nerve supply the sensory innervation

The lesser palatine nerve also contains taste fibres of facial nerve origin, which supply the taste buds in the oral surface of the soft palate

The parasympathetic postganglionic secretomotor fibres that arise from the facial nerve via the pterygopalatine ganglion run with these nerves to the palatine mucous glands

Sympathetic fibres run from the carotid plexus along the arterial branch

133
Q

what is the function of the soft palate

A

During swallowing the soft palate is elevated thereby closing off the entrance to the nasal passage and preventing the entry of food and drink into the nasal cavity

134
Q

what is on the posterior surface of the pharynx

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia is on posterior surface of the pharynx

135
Q

what is on the midline of the buccopharyngeal fascia

A

pharyngeal raphe

136
Q

what can the inferior pharyngeal constrictors be subdivided into

A

can be subdivided into thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles based on anterior attachments of fibres

137
Q

what is the pharyngobasilar fascia

A

Pharyngobasilar fascia is dense connective tissue membrane that attaches superior edge of superior constrictor to base of skull

138
Q

what are the suprahyoid muscles

A

Geniohyoid,
mylohyoid,
stylohyoid and
digastric muscles

139
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Sternohyoid,
omohyoid,
sternothyroid,
thyrohyoid

140
Q

what is the only muscle that opens the rima glottidis

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles is the only muscle that opens the rima glottidis

141
Q

what are the rima glottidis and vocal folds together called

A

the glottis

142
Q

how does the recurrent laryngeal nerve enter the larynx

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve enters larynx by passing posterior to cricothyroid joint at this point the name changes to inferior laryngeal nerve

143
Q

what is the vestibular fold also called

A

false vocal fold

144
Q

what is the vocal fold

A

true vocal fold

145
Q

what can the laryngeal cavity be subdivided into

A

Laryngeal cavity can be subdivided into
§ the vestibule,
§ the space superior to vestibular folds,
§ the ventricle,
§ depression between vestibular fold and
§ vocal fold and
§ infraglottic cavity,
§ region inferior to vocal folds continuous with trachea

146
Q

what does the palate form a division between

A

forms a division between the nasal and oral cavities.

147
Q

what is the hard palate made of

A

comprised of bone.

It is immobile.

148
Q

what is the soft palate made of

A

comprised of muscle fibres covered by a mucous membrane.

It can be elevated to close the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing – this prevents the food bolus from entering the nasopharynx.

149
Q

what is the mucosal lining of the superior aspect of the palate (nasal cavity)

A

respiratory epithelium

150
Q

what is the mucosal lining of the inferior aspect of the palate (oral cavity)

A

oral mucosa, populated by secretory salivary glands.

151
Q

what bones make up the hard palate

A

(i) palatine processes of the maxilla; and

(ii) horizontal plates of the palatine bones.

152
Q

what is the incisive canal

A

Incisive canal – located in the anterior midline, transmits the nasopalatine nerve.

153
Q

what is the greater palatine foramen

A

located medial to the third molar tooth, transmits the greater palatine nerve and vessels

154
Q

what is the lesser palatine foramina

A

located in the pyramidal process of the palatine bone, transmits the lesser palatine nerve.

155
Q

where is the soft palate located

A

The soft palate is located posteriorly

Anteriorly, it is continuous with the hard palate and with the palatine aponeurosis.

The posterior border of the soft palate is free (i.e. not connected to any structure),

156
Q

what is the central process that hangs from the midline of the palate

A

uvula

157
Q

how many muscles give the actions of the soft palate

A

5

158
Q

what nerve innervates all the muscles of the soft palate (except for one)

A

innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)

159
Q

what muscle of the soft palate does not receive the innervation from the vagus nerve

A

tensor veli palatini

160
Q

what nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini

A

innervated by the medial pterygoid nerve (a branch of CN V3)

161
Q

what are the attachments of the tensor veli palatini

A

Originates from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid and inserts into the palatine aponeurosis.

162
Q

what is the function of the tensor veli palatini

A

Tenses the soft palate

163
Q

what are the attachments of the levator veli palatini

A

Arises from the petrous temporal bone and the eustachian tube, before inserting into the palatine aponeurosis.

164
Q

what is the function of the levator veli palatini

A

Elevation of the soft palate.

165
Q

what are the attachments of the palatoglossus

A

Originates from the palatine aponeurosis, and travels anteriorly, laterally and inferiorly to insert into the side of the tongue.

166
Q

what is the function of the palatoglossus muscle

A

Pulls the soft palate towards the tongue

167
Q

what are the attachmetns of the palatopharyngeus muscle

A

Arises from the palatine aponeurosis and the hard palate, and inserts into the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.

168
Q

what is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle

A

Tenses soft palate and draws the pharynx anteriorly on swallowing.

169
Q

what is the attachment of the musculus uvulae

A

Arises from the posterior nasal spine and the palatine aponeurosis, and inserts into the mucous membrane of the uvula.

170
Q

what is the function of the musculus uvulae

A

Shortens the uvula.

171
Q

what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate

A
  • tensor veli palatini
  • levaor veli palatini
  • palatoglossus
  • palatopharyngeus
  • musculus uvulae
172
Q

how does the palate receive its blood supply

A

The palate receives arterial supply primarily from the greater palatine arteries, which run anteriorly from the greater palatine foramen.

In addition, the anastomosis between the lesser palatine artery and ascending palatine artery provide collateral supply to the palate.

173
Q

what is the venous drainage of the palate into

A

pterygoid venous plexus.

174
Q

what supplies sensory innervation to the palate

A

Sensory innervation of the palate is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

175
Q

what innervates the glandular structures of the hard palate

A

The greater palatine nerve

176
Q

what does the nasopalatine nerve innervate

A

The nasopalatine nerve innervates the mucous membrane of the anterior hard palate

177
Q

what does the lesser palaine nerves innervate

A

the lesser palatine nerves innervate the soft palate.

178
Q

how does a cleft lip occur

A

occurs when the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence fail to fuse.

179
Q

how does a cleft palate occur

A

can occur in isolation when the palatal shelves fail to fuse in the midline, or in combination with cleft lip

180
Q

what are the tonsils

A

The tonsils are collections of lymphatic tissue located within the pharynx. They collectively form a ringed arrangement, known as Waldeyer’s ring:

Pharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsils (x2)
Palatine tonsils (x2)
Lingual tonsil

181
Q

where is the lingual tonsil found

A

The lingual tonsil refers to numerous lymphoid nodules located within the submucosa of the posterior third of the tongue

This tonsil is responsible for the irregular appearance of the posterior tongue surface. and forms the inferior part of Waldeyer’s ring.

Like the rest of the tongue, the lingual tonsil is covered by a stratified non-keratinised squamous epithelium.

182
Q

what is the pharnx

A

The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the oral and nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus.

It begins at the base of the skull, and ends at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6). The pharynx is comprised of three parts (superior to inferior):

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx.

183
Q

what are the attachments of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

Originates from the pterygomandibular ligament, alveolar process of mandible and medial pterygoid plate and pterygoid hamulus of the sphenoid bone.

Inserts posteriorly into to the pharyngeal tubercle of the occiput and the median pharyngeal raphe.

184
Q

what are the attachmetns of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the horns of the hyoid bone.

Inserts posteriorly into the pharyngeal raphe.

185
Q

what are the attachmetns of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

Superior component (thyropharyngeus) has oblique fibres that attach to the thyroid cartilage.

Inferior component (cricopharyngeus) has horizontal fibres that attach to the cricoid cartilage.

186
Q

what nerve supplies the pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

All pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)

187
Q

what are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus

188
Q

what do the longituduninal muscles do to the pharynx

A

They act to shorten and widen the pharynx, and elevate the larynx during swallowing.

189
Q

what are the attachmetns of the stylopharyngeus muscle

A

– arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone, inserts into the pharynx.

190
Q

what is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

191
Q

what are the attachments of the palatopharyngeus muscle

A

arises from hard palate of the oral cavity, inserts into the pharynx.

192
Q

what are the attachmetns of the salpingopharyngeus

A

arises from the Eustachian tube, inserts into the pharynx.

193
Q

what nerve innervates the palatopharnyngeus muscle and the salpingopharyngeus muscle

A

vagus nerve

194
Q

what is the pharyngeal plexus formed by

A

Pharyngeal branches from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).

Branches from the external laryngeal nerve.

Sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion.

195
Q

what is the blood supply of the pharynx

A

Arterial supply to the pharynx is via branches of the external carotid artery:

Ascending pharyngeal artery
Branches of the facial artery
Branches of the lingual and maxillary arteries.

196
Q

what is the venous drainage of the pharynx

A

Venous drainage is achieved by the pharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into the internal jugular vein.

197
Q

what sort of muscle are the constrictor muscles

A

skeletal but under reflex control

198
Q

why is the trachea not a complete ring

A

the Thin amount of fascia to allow pharynx to move when swallowing

Below this there are the tracheal rings which are c shaped and they are open at the back so the bolus can easily move down the oesophagus

199
Q

what do the constrictor muscles do

A

The constrictors catch the bolus and bring it back to the oesophagus

200
Q

what is the only muscle from the 3rd pharyngeal arch

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

201
Q

what is the attachment of the midline pharyngeal raphe on the base of the skull

A

pharyngeal tubercle

202
Q

what is an occult tumour

A

a tumour that is hidden, this is what can be found in the pharyngeal recess

203
Q

what is quinsy

A

pocket filled with pus (abscess) between your tonsils and the wall of your throat

204
Q

what artery supplies the tonsils

A

tonsillar artery

branch of facial artery

205
Q

what is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle

A

Pulls back wall and soft palate together when swallowing to close off nasopharynx to stop food going into it

206
Q

what forms the front of the inlet of the larynx

A

epiglottis

207
Q

what epithelium is found in the larynx

A

respiratory epithelium

208
Q

what is the posterior border of the inlet of the larynx

A

aryepiglottic fold

209
Q

what sphincter mechanism is present in the larynx during swallowing

A

When you swallow the upper larynx closes with a sphincter mechanism

When person swallows vocal folds come together

Stops food and drink going into larynx

Bolus pushes epiglottis down and this also covers the inlet

210
Q

what does adduct mean in terms of the vocal folds

A

the vocal folds come together in the midline

211
Q

what epithelium covers the vocal folds

A

stratified squamous epithelium

212
Q

why does the vocal folds have a different epithelium to the rest of the larynx

A

There is friction between the air passing over them

Thicker epithelium than respiratory epithelium

213
Q

what is the adam’s apple called in anatomy

A

laryngeal prominence

214
Q

where is an emergency airway placed

A

cricothyroid ligament / membrane

215
Q

what is the narrow part of the cricoid cartilage called

A

arch of the cricoid cartialge

216
Q

what is the wider part of the cricoid cartilage called

A

lamina of the cricoid cartilage

217
Q

what cartilage is found on top of the cricoid cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilages

218
Q

what attaches to the arytenoid cartilages

A

vocal folds

219
Q

what is abduction of the vocalfolds

A

moving apart

220
Q

what muscles cause the vocal folds to adduct

A

the muscles between teh arytenoid cartilages - interartytenoid muscles (oblique arytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscle)

221
Q

what muscle causes the vocal folds to abduct when contracted

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

222
Q

what are the vestibular folds

A

false vocal folds

223
Q

what modifies the sounds produced in the vocal folds

A

lips tongue (maybe nose?)

224
Q

what is involved in a cough reflex (if something was to go down the larynx)

A

§ vagus nerve suppplies sensation to mucosa inside larynx

§ first take deep breath in - this involves the diaphragm contracting and moving down to increase size of thoracic cavity (intercostal muscles might assist a little)

§ vocal folds move together (adduct) meaning the interarytenoid muscles contract - larynx closes

§ following the deep breath there is a build up of pressure which results in a forced expiration
abdominal muscles contract as the diaphragm relaxes

§ vocal cords abduct
allows air to explode out along with the foreign object hopefully

225
Q

what is the glottis

A

Airway at level of the vocal folds (lumen of larynx)

226
Q

what is the little recess between the vocal folds and vestibular fold

A

ventricle of larynx

227
Q

what muscle can increase tension of vocal folds

A

cricothyroid muscle

228
Q

if patient has surgery on vocal cords how do they breathe i

A

Elective procedure, planned airway

Create airway between trachea rings 2-4
Move the strap muscles aside and insert airway in this place

229
Q

which lymph nodes does the larynx drain into

A

deep cervical lymph nodes

BDS3 - Anatomy (10 decks)

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