Week 10 Flashcards
1
Q
where with regards to the level of the vertebra is the cricoid cartilage found
A
level of the C6 vertebra
2
Q
where does the larynx become continuous with the trachea
A
At the cricoid cartilage (level of the C6 vertebra) the larynx becomes continuous with the trachea
3
Q
what is the only muscle that can abduct the vocal fold
A
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
4
Q
where does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle run
A
runs from the back of the cricoid lamina to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
5
Q
what is the motor nerve supply of the laryngeal muscles
A
the recurrent laryngeal nerve
6
Q
what muscle of the larynx is the exception (ie is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve) and what innervates it
A
the cricothyroid (innervated by the external laryngeal nerve)
7
Q
what supplies the mucous membrane below the vocal folds
A
recurrent laryngeal nerve
8
Q
what supplies the mucous membrane above the folds
A
internal laryngeal nerve
9
Q
what is the main nerve that gives off the different branches to the membranes and muscles of the larynx
A
vagus
10
Q
what is the pharynx
A
Muscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the C6 vertebra
11
Q
where does the pharynx become the oesophagus
A
at the level of the C6 vertebra
12
Q
what is the nasopharynx
A
The nasal part
Part of the respiratory tract
13
Q
what lies in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
A
The opening of the auditory tube lies in the lateral wall
14
Q
what lies in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
A
The pharyngeal tonsil
15
Q
what are common causes of enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes
A
“sore throats” (pharyngitis) and infection of the tonsils (tonsilitis) are common causes of enlarged and painful cervical lymph nodes
16
Q
are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx part of the respiratory tract or alimentary tracts
A
common to both
17
Q
where are the palatine tonsils found
A
in oropharynx
Palatine tonsils are found just behind the palatoglossal folds (junction with the mouth) and in front of the palatopharyngeal folds
18
Q
where are the vallecular found
A
At the base of the tongue, in front of the epiglottis, lie two shallow depressions known as vallecular
19
Q
what are the 3 main muscles of the pharynx
A
Mainly 3 pairs of constrictor muscles
- inferior
- middle
- superior
20
Q
where does the inferior constrictor arise from
A
The inferior constrictor arises from the side of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages
21
Q
where does the middle constrictor arise from
A
The middle constriction arises from the horns of the hyoid bone
22
Q
where does the superior constrictor arise from
A
The superior constrictor comes from inside of the mandible, pterygomandibular raphe and medial pterygoid plate
23
Q
where does the fibres of all the constrictor muslces run to
A
The fibres run backwards and upwards to converge posteriorly onto the midline pharyngeal raphe
24
Q
what are 3 other smaller muscles that run down from above to blend with the constrictors
A
§ The stylopharyngeus (from the styloid process)
§ The palatopharyngeus (from the soft palate)
§ Salpingopharyngeus (from the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube)
25
what muscles raise the larynx during swallowing
§ The stylopharyngeus
§ The palatopharyngeus
§ Salpingopharyngeus
§ inferior constrictor muscles
26
what is the innervation of the pharynx
Mainly from the pharyngeal plexus, found posteriorly on the middle constrictor,
formed by pharyngeal branches of
§ the vagus (which provide motor and sensory fibres)
§ and glossopharyngeal nerves (which provide sensory fibres only)
27
what is waldeyer's tonsillar ring
With the pharyngeal tonsil at the back of the nasopharynx and the lingual tonsil in the base of the tongue, there is thus a protective ring of lymphoid tissue at the start of the alimentary and respiratory tracts
28
when can you palpate the thyroid gland
The gland is usually only visible or palpable when enlarged ~ then called a goitre
29
what does the parathyroid glands secrete
Their endocrine secretion, calcitonin, helps to control blood calcium
30
what is the hard palate
Hard palate is skeletal palate covered by the mucous membranes
bony palate plus mucous membranes
31
what is the hard palate called in a skull
the bony palate
32
what does the pharynx conduct
The pharynx is a passage way that conducts both air and food
33
what is the nasopharynx lined by
respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
34
what are the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined by
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
like other parts of the alimentary tract
35
what is in the soft palate
muscles and fibrous tissue
36
what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx
Nasopharynx extends from the back edge of the nasal septum to the edge of the soft palate
37
what tube opens into the nasopharynx
auditory tube
38
what is the auditory tube
Auditory tube is a passage way that allows air to enter the middle ear
39
what epithelium lines the middle ear
The middle ear is air filled and is lined by respiratory epithelium as well, quite low but of respiratory type
40
what happens to the air in the middle ear
Over a period of time, the air in the middle ear gets absorbed by the lining and needs to be replaced and the auditory tube allows the new air to enter the middle ear from time to time
41
how can people get infections in the middle ear
via the auditory tube
For example someone has a bad throat infection it can pass into the middle ear
42
what surrounds the opening of the auditory tube
it is surrounded by a raised area called the tubal elevation
43
towards the middle ear, what is the auditory tube made of
The auditory tube is made of bone, it is a bony canal
44
at the medial end / part coming into the nasopharynx, what is the auditory tube made of
made of cartilage
| The medial end of the cartilage projects a little way into the nasopharynx covered by mucosa
45
what is the tubal elevation caused by
So the tubal elevation is really caused by the cartilage underlying the mucosa which forms the medial end of the auditory tube
46
what is found behind the tubal elevation
there is a very deep recess in the side wall of the pharynx called the pharyngeal recess
47
what is another name for the pharyngeal recess
fossa of rossenmuller
48
what is the pharyngeal recess
a deep pocket of mucosa
| important site of pathology
49
what is found lateral to the phayrngeal recess
internal carotid artery
50
what are the boundaries of the oropharynx
the edge of the soft palate
the palatoglossal fold
tip of the epiglottis
51
what is the palatoglossus muscle
Palatoglossus muscle is a little muscle extending from the tongue to the soft palate
52
what is the palatoglossal fold / where is it
Inside the food pathway, right at the boundary between the mouth and the oropharynx the little palatoglossus muscle raises a fold of the mucosa
53
what is found anterior and posterior to the palatoglossal fold
Anterior to the palatoglossal fold is the oral cavity
beyond the fold is the oropharynx
54
what is the palatopharyngeal fold
found just behind the soft palate
fold in the mucosa that is sort of going in a backwards direction
Blending with the mucosa of the wall of the pharynx
55
what muscle is found within the palatopharyngeal fold
the palatopharyngeus muscle
| blends with the wall of the pharynx
56
what role does the palatopharyngeal fold play in swallowing
When you swallow the soft palate meets the back wall of the nasopharynx and the little muscle palatopharyngeus helps to bring the soft palate against the back wall of the pharynx which helps to improve the seal to stop fluid going up into the airways
57
what is found in the area between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold
palatine tonsils
58
in what age group is the palatine tonsils well developed and why
Very well developed in young children when the immune system is active and lymphocytes to fight infections for the first time are being produced
59
where does the palatine tonsil sit
sits in the tonsillar fossa
60
what is the tonsillar fossa
The tonsillar fossa is the recess between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold
61
what is the deep recess between the tongue and the epiglottis called
vallecula
62
what is the epiglottis
leaf shaped piece of cartilage covered by mucosa
63
what sort of fibres are found within the epiglottis cartilage
Elastic and collagen fibres
64
what is the boundary between the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
tip of the epiglottis
65
what is the arch of the two palatoglossal folds called
isthmus of the fauces
66
what is the cricoid cartilage
The cricoid cartilage is a cartilage of the larynx
| = Bar of cartilage found half way down the neck
67
what starts below the cricoid cartilage
trachea
68
where does air travel
Air comes through nasal cavity, through nasopharynx, down through oropharynx then goes off into the larynx
69
where does food travel
Food comes into oral cavity, passes through the palatalglossal folds, then the oropharynx, pushes against the epiglottis (which is springy and gets out of the way) and travels down in the laryngopharynx down to the oesophagus
70
what is found just below and lateral to the inlet to the larynx in the side wall of the laryngopharynx
there is a pear shaped recess of the mucosa called the pyriform fossa
71
what is the pyriform recess
A pocket in the mucosa just below and lateral to the inlet to the larynx
72
why is the pyriform recess a common place to get food stuck within
When you swallow the tongue moves the bolus back (styloglossus important here)
the bolus slides down into the oropharynx and hits the epiglottis and pushes the epiglottis down to help cover the inlet to the larynx (which also closes with a sphincter mechanism)
The food slides over the epiglottis and the epiglottis tends to make the food go to the side rather than down the midline
So the food comes down through this pocket (pyriform recess) and carries down the laryngopharynx into the oesophagus
73
how does tonsil tissue try to protect the airways
Tonsils harbour micro-organisms, make a really good immune response
the activated lymphocytes go off into the general circulation
Should the infection go down into your lungs the blood is able to deliver lymphocytes that can amount an immune response against the organisms
Tonsil tissue = important part of immune system
74
what is the tubal elevation rich in
The tubal elevation is very rich in tonsillar tissues
○ Lots of lymphoid tissue in this region
○ Helps with immune responses
75
what is found in the mucosa of the nasopharynx
there is a lot of tonsillar tissue / lymphoid tissue called the pharyngeal tonsil
76
what are the pharyngeal tonsils often called
Often called the adenoids
77
where would you find the lingual tonsil
On the posterior third of the tongue
| find lots of lymphoid tissue here
78
name the tonsils found in the upper pharynx
the pharyngeal tonsil
the tubal tonsils
the palatine tonsil
the lingual tonsil
79
what is the name for the tonsillar tissues around the start of the airway region
Waldeyer's Ring of tonsillar tissue
80
how does waldeyer's ring protect the airways
Interrupted series of tonsils around the start of the airways to protect the airways
by amounting immune responses so lymphocytes go off into circulation
should the micro-organisms appear anywhere else, like in your lungs, the lymphocytes that have been activated are delivered to amount an immune response against the micro-organisms
81
why are tonsillectomies not commonly done anymore
Palatine tonsil is supplied by the tonsillar branch of the facial artery
Sometimes after a tonsillectomy this artery can haemorrhage and quite a lot of blood can be lost through that tonsillar branch
82
what is the long prong of bone that comes from the base of the skull
styloid process
83
where does the styloglossus muscle run
comes downwards and forwards from the styloid process
84
where does the stylohyoid muscle run
comes downwards and forwards from the styloid process towards the hyoid bone
85
what muscle comes from the styloid process higher up and runs to the wall of the pharynx
stylopharyngeus muscle
86
what pharyngeal arch does the stylopharyngeus muscle form from
3rd pharyngeal arch
87
what nerve supplies the stylopharyngeus musclle
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)
88
what pharyngeal arch is the glossopharyngeal nerve formed from
3rd pharyngeal arch
89
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve give sensory supply to
Supplies sensation to much of the oropharynx area
| posterior 1/3 of tongue
90
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve give motor supply to
the stylopharyngeus muscle
only supplies one muscle
91
what marks the start of the origin of the pterygomandibular raphe
pterygoid hamulus
92
what is the pterygomandibular raphe
fibrous band between the pterygoid hamulus and the mandible
93
what is the pterygoid hamulus
the little projection at the back of the mouth at the lower end of the medial pterygoid plate
94
what are the 3 muscles that surround the pharynx
3 constrictor muscles
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior
These muscles are made of skeletal muscle but they are under strong reflex control
95
what is the bony projection at the base of the skull that the superior constrictor muscle attaches to
pharyngeal tubercle
this projection is a little bit in front of the foramen magnum
96
what is found at the back of the pharynx that the muscles actually pass into
pharyngeal raphe
97
where does the middle constrictor muscle attach to
the hyoid bone
98
what are the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage made from
hyaline cartilage
99
what muscle attaches to the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage and the fibrous band between them
inferior constrictor muscle
100
what muscle comes from the styoid process and blends with the wall of the pharynx
stylopharyngeus muscle
101
where does the stylopharyngeus muscle pass
between superior and middle constrictor muscles
102
what nerve supplies the mucosa of the oral pharynx and the nasal pahrynx
glossopharyngeal nerve
103
what nerve supplies the muscles of the pharynx
vagus nerve
104
what is the pterygoid hamulus
Little bony projection at the bottom end of the medial pterygoid plate
105
what muscle's tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus
tensor veli palatini
106
where does the tensor veli palatini muscle run
runs from the base of the skull (close to where the auditory tube is)
The tendon turns a corner and winds around the pterygoid hamulus
107
what do the tendons of the veli palatini muscle create
The 2 tendons spread out and form a flattened sheet that forms the skeleton of the soft palate
this is called the palatal aponeurosis
108
what happens when the tensor veli palatini muscles contract
When the tensor veli palatini muscles contract, the tendons are pulled so the soft palate becomes tense
109
what nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini muscle
The tensor is supplied by the mandibular nerve early on (cranial nerve 5)
110
what pharyngeal arch is the tensor veli palatini formed from
first pharyngeal arch
111
what is the second muscle that runs down towards the palate
levator veli palatini
112
where is the levator veli palatini found
comes from behind the auditory tube (base of the skull) and attaches to the upper aspect of the palatal aponeurosis
113
what is the function of the levator vveli palatini
pulls the palate up
114
what nerve supplies the levator veli palatini
vagus nerve
115
where does the palatoglossus muscle run
little muscle from the tongue that runs up to the soft palate
116
what nerve supplies palatoglossus muscle
vagus nerve
117
where does the tongue sit with regards to the palatoglossus muscle
The tongue is sitting in between the palatoglossus muscles
118
what is the little muscle behind the palatoglossus muscle called
palatopharyngeus muscle
119
what does the palatopharyngeus muscle attach to
It also attaches to the palatal aponeurosis
| It then kind of passes downwards and backwards and blends with the wall of the pharynx
120
What nerve supplies the paltopharyngeus muscle
vagus nerve
121
what is the isthmus of the fauces
the space between the palatoglossal folds
122
what is found at the back end of the soft palate
the uvula
123
what is the uvula and what is its function
Little fleshy piece that improves the seal of the soft palate when swallowing fluids
124
where are the uvular muscles found
Running in the soft palate and immediately on the upper surface of the palatal aponeurosis on either side of the midline there are a couple of little muscles running back the way
125
what is the soft palate
```
It is a thick fold of mucosa enclosing
○ An aponeurosis
○ Muscular tissue
○ Vessels
○ Nerves
○ Lymphoid tissue
○ Mucous glands
```
126
what do the muscles of the soft palate do
alter position and shape of the fibrous aponeurosis of the soft palate
127
what muscles are in the soft palate / associated with the soft palate
```
○ Tensor veli palatini
○ Levator veli palatini
§ The palatine muscles are supported by a palatine aponeurosis and covered on their superior and inferior surfaces by mucosa
○ Palatoglossus
○ Palatopharyngeus muscle
○ Salpingopharyngeus
○ Muscularis uvulae
```
128
what is the epithelium of the soft palate
The oral surface is covered by stratified squamous epithelium and on its nasopharyngeal surface by stratified ciliated epithelium
129
what does palpation of the soft palate cause
Palpation of the soft palate elicits the gag reflex
130
what is the blood supply of the soft palate
Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery
Ascending palatine branch of the facial artery
Palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
131
what drains the soft palate
Pterygoid and tonsillar plexuses
Lymph is drained into the deep cervical lymph nodes
132
what is the nerve supply of the soft palate
Greater and lesser palatine and nasopalatine branches of the maxillary nerves and the glossopharyngeal nerve supply the sensory innervation
The lesser palatine nerve also contains taste fibres of facial nerve origin, which supply the taste buds in the oral surface of the soft palate
The parasympathetic postganglionic secretomotor fibres that arise from the facial nerve via the pterygopalatine ganglion run with these nerves to the palatine mucous glands
Sympathetic fibres run from the carotid plexus along the arterial branch
133
what is the function of the soft palate
During swallowing the soft palate is elevated thereby closing off the entrance to the nasal passage and preventing the entry of food and drink into the nasal cavity
134
what is on the posterior surface of the pharynx
Buccopharyngeal fascia is on posterior surface of the pharynx
135
what is on the midline of the buccopharyngeal fascia
pharyngeal raphe
136
what can the inferior pharyngeal constrictors be subdivided into
can be subdivided into thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles based on anterior attachments of fibres
137
what is the pharyngobasilar fascia
Pharyngobasilar fascia is dense connective tissue membrane that attaches superior edge of superior constrictor to base of skull
138
what are the suprahyoid muscles
Geniohyoid,
mylohyoid,
stylohyoid and
digastric muscles
139
what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Sternohyoid,
omohyoid,
sternothyroid,
thyrohyoid
140
what is the only muscle that opens the rima glottidis
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles is the only muscle that opens the rima glottidis
141
what are the rima glottidis and vocal folds together called
the glottis
142
how does the recurrent laryngeal nerve enter the larynx
Recurrent laryngeal nerve enters larynx by passing posterior to cricothyroid joint at this point the name changes to inferior laryngeal nerve
143
what is the vestibular fold also called
false vocal fold
144
what is the vocal fold
true vocal fold
145
what can the laryngeal cavity be subdivided into
Laryngeal cavity can be subdivided into
§ the vestibule,
§ the space superior to vestibular folds,
§ the ventricle,
§ depression between vestibular fold and
§ vocal fold and
§ infraglottic cavity,
§ region inferior to vocal folds continuous with trachea
146
what does the palate form a division between
forms a division between the nasal and oral cavities.
147
what is the hard palate made of
comprised of bone.
| It is immobile.
148
what is the soft palate made of
comprised of muscle fibres covered by a mucous membrane.
It can be elevated to close the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing – this prevents the food bolus from entering the nasopharynx.
149
what is the mucosal lining of the superior aspect of the palate (nasal cavity)
respiratory epithelium
150
what is the mucosal lining of the inferior aspect of the palate (oral cavity)
oral mucosa, populated by secretory salivary glands.
151
what bones make up the hard palate
(i) palatine processes of the maxilla; and
| (ii) horizontal plates of the palatine bones.
152
what is the incisive canal
Incisive canal – located in the anterior midline, transmits the nasopalatine nerve.
153
what is the greater palatine foramen
located medial to the third molar tooth, transmits the greater palatine nerve and vessels
154
what is the lesser palatine foramina
located in the pyramidal process of the palatine bone, transmits the lesser palatine nerve.
155
where is the soft palate located
The soft palate is located posteriorly
Anteriorly, it is continuous with the hard palate and with the palatine aponeurosis.
The posterior border of the soft palate is free (i.e. not connected to any structure),
156
what is the central process that hangs from the midline of the palate
uvula
157
how many muscles give the actions of the soft palate
5
158
what nerve innervates all the muscles of the soft palate (except for one)
innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
159
what muscle of the soft palate does not receive the innervation from the vagus nerve
tensor veli palatini
160
what nerve supplies the tensor veli palatini
innervated by the medial pterygoid nerve (a branch of CN V3)
161
what are the attachments of the tensor veli palatini
Originates from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid and inserts into the palatine aponeurosis.
162
what is the function of the tensor veli palatini
Tenses the soft palate
163
what are the attachments of the levator veli palatini
Arises from the petrous temporal bone and the eustachian tube, before inserting into the palatine aponeurosis.
164
what is the function of the levator veli palatini
Elevation of the soft palate.
165
what are the attachments of the palatoglossus
Originates from the palatine aponeurosis, and travels anteriorly, laterally and inferiorly to insert into the side of the tongue.
166
what is the function of the palatoglossus muscle
Pulls the soft palate towards the tongue
167
what are the attachmetns of the palatopharyngeus muscle
Arises from the palatine aponeurosis and the hard palate, and inserts into the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
168
what is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle
Tenses soft palate and draws the pharynx anteriorly on swallowing.
169
what is the attachment of the musculus uvulae
Arises from the posterior nasal spine and the palatine aponeurosis, and inserts into the mucous membrane of the uvula.
170
what is the function of the musculus uvulae
Shortens the uvula.
171
what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate
- tensor veli palatini
- levaor veli palatini
- palatoglossus
- palatopharyngeus
- musculus uvulae
172
how does the palate receive its blood supply
The palate receives arterial supply primarily from the greater palatine arteries, which run anteriorly from the greater palatine foramen.
In addition, the anastomosis between the lesser palatine artery and ascending palatine artery provide collateral supply to the palate.
173
what is the venous drainage of the palate into
pterygoid venous plexus.
174
what supplies sensory innervation to the palate
Sensory innervation of the palate is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
175
what innervates the glandular structures of the hard palate
The greater palatine nerve
176
what does the nasopalatine nerve innervate
The nasopalatine nerve innervates the mucous membrane of the anterior hard palate
177
what does the lesser palaine nerves innervate
the lesser palatine nerves innervate the soft palate.
178
how does a cleft lip occur
occurs when the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence fail to fuse.
179
how does a cleft palate occur
can occur in isolation when the palatal shelves fail to fuse in the midline, or in combination with cleft lip
180
what are the tonsils
The tonsils are collections of lymphatic tissue located within the pharynx. They collectively form a ringed arrangement, known as Waldeyer’s ring:
Pharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsils (x2)
Palatine tonsils (x2)
Lingual tonsil
181
where is the lingual tonsil found
The lingual tonsil refers to numerous lymphoid nodules located within the submucosa of the posterior third of the tongue
This tonsil is responsible for the irregular appearance of the posterior tongue surface. and forms the inferior part of Waldeyer’s ring.
Like the rest of the tongue, the lingual tonsil is covered by a stratified non-keratinised squamous epithelium.
182
what is the pharnx
The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the oral and nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus.
It begins at the base of the skull, and ends at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6). The pharynx is comprised of three parts (superior to inferior):
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx.
183
what are the attachments of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Originates from the pterygomandibular ligament, alveolar process of mandible and medial pterygoid plate and pterygoid hamulus of the sphenoid bone.
Inserts posteriorly into to the pharyngeal tubercle of the occiput and the median pharyngeal raphe.
184
what are the attachmetns of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the horns of the hyoid bone.
Inserts posteriorly into the pharyngeal raphe.
185
what are the attachmetns of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Superior component (thyropharyngeus) has oblique fibres that attach to the thyroid cartilage.
Inferior component (cricopharyngeus) has horizontal fibres that attach to the cricoid cartilage.
186
what nerve supplies the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
All pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)
187
what are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus
188
what do the longituduninal muscles do to the pharynx
They act to shorten and widen the pharynx, and elevate the larynx during swallowing.
189
what are the attachmetns of the stylopharyngeus muscle
– arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone, inserts into the pharynx.
190
what is the innervation of the stylopharyngeus muscle
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
191
what are the attachments of the palatopharyngeus muscle
arises from hard palate of the oral cavity, inserts into the pharynx.
192
what are the attachmetns of the salpingopharyngeus
arises from the Eustachian tube, inserts into the pharynx.
193
what nerve innervates the palatopharnyngeus muscle and the salpingopharyngeus muscle
vagus nerve
194
what is the pharyngeal plexus formed by
Pharyngeal branches from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).
Branches from the external laryngeal nerve.
Sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion.
195
what is the blood supply of the pharynx
Arterial supply to the pharynx is via branches of the external carotid artery:
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Branches of the facial artery
Branches of the lingual and maxillary arteries.
196
what is the venous drainage of the pharynx
Venous drainage is achieved by the pharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into the internal jugular vein.
197
what sort of muscle are the constrictor muscles
skeletal but under reflex control
198
why is the trachea not a complete ring
the Thin amount of fascia to allow pharynx to move when swallowing
Below this there are the tracheal rings which are c shaped and they are open at the back so the bolus can easily move down the oesophagus
199
what do the constrictor muscles do
The constrictors catch the bolus and bring it back to the oesophagus
200
what is the only muscle from the 3rd pharyngeal arch
stylopharyngeus muscle
201
what is the attachment of the midline pharyngeal raphe on the base of the skull
pharyngeal tubercle
202
what is an occult tumour
a tumour that is hidden, this is what can be found in the pharyngeal recess
203
what is quinsy
pocket filled with pus (abscess) between your tonsils and the wall of your throat
204
what artery supplies the tonsils
tonsillar artery
| branch of facial artery
205
what is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle
Pulls back wall and soft palate together when swallowing to close off nasopharynx to stop food going into it
206
what forms the front of the inlet of the larynx
epiglottis
207
what epithelium is found in the larynx
respiratory epithelium
208
what is the posterior border of the inlet of the larynx
aryepiglottic fold
209
what sphincter mechanism is present in the larynx during swallowing
When you swallow the upper larynx closes with a sphincter mechanism
When person swallows vocal folds come together
Stops food and drink going into larynx
Bolus pushes epiglottis down and this also covers the inlet
210
what does adduct mean in terms of the vocal folds
the vocal folds come together in the midline
211
what epithelium covers the vocal folds
stratified squamous epithelium
212
why does the vocal folds have a different epithelium to the rest of the larynx
There is friction between the air passing over them
Thicker epithelium than respiratory epithelium
213
what is the adam's apple called in anatomy
laryngeal prominence
214
where is an emergency airway placed
cricothyroid ligament / membrane
215
what is the narrow part of the cricoid cartilage called
arch of the cricoid cartialge
216
what is the wider part of the cricoid cartilage called
lamina of the cricoid cartilage
217
what cartilage is found on top of the cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
218
what attaches to the arytenoid cartilages
vocal folds
219
what is abduction of the vocalfolds
moving apart
220
what muscles cause the vocal folds to adduct
the muscles between teh arytenoid cartilages - interartytenoid muscles (oblique arytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscle)
221
what muscle causes the vocal folds to abduct when contracted
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
222
what are the vestibular folds
false vocal folds
223
what modifies the sounds produced in the vocal folds
lips tongue (maybe nose?)
224
what is involved in a cough reflex (if something was to go down the larynx)
§ vagus nerve suppplies sensation to mucosa inside larynx
§ first take deep breath in - this involves the diaphragm contracting and moving down to increase size of thoracic cavity (intercostal muscles might assist a little)
§ vocal folds move together (adduct) meaning the interarytenoid muscles contract - larynx closes
§ following the deep breath there is a build up of pressure which results in a forced expiration
abdominal muscles contract as the diaphragm relaxes
§ vocal cords abduct
allows air to explode out along with the foreign object hopefully
225
what is the glottis
Airway at level of the vocal folds (lumen of larynx)
226
what is the little recess between the vocal folds and vestibular fold
ventricle of larynx
227
what muscle can increase tension of vocal folds
cricothyroid muscle
228
if patient has surgery on vocal cords how do they breathe i
Elective procedure, planned airway
Create airway between trachea rings 2-4
Move the strap muscles aside and insert airway in this place
229
which lymph nodes does the larynx drain into
deep cervical lymph nodes
