Week 9

Question 1

3 main categories of therapy

Answer 1

1. Insight therapy
2. Behaviour therapy
3. Biomedical therapy

Question 2

All forms of therapy will involve _____ and _____.

Answer 2

All forms of therapy will involve therapist and client.

Question 3

Clinical and Counselling Psychologists

Answer 3

Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and every day behavioural problems

Psychologists:

• More likely to use behavioural methods
• Do not have prescribing power
• Also do psychological testing and conduct research
• More likely to treat disorders that are a bit less serious

Question 4

Psychiatrist

Answer 4

Physicians who specialize in treatment of psychological disorders

Focuses on more severe disorders

Emphasizes drug therapies

Question 5

Insight Therapies

Answer 5

Involve verbal interactions intended to enhance client’s self knowledge thus promoting healthful changes in both personality and behaviour.

1. Psychoanalysis
2. Client centered therapy
3. Cognitive therapy

Question 6

Psychoanalysis

Answer 6

Emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses.

Developed by Sigmund Freud

Challenge: we don’t have access to the unconscious

Question 7

Levels of Mental Life

Answer 7

Conscious Level

• Normal Awareness
• Ego

Preconscious Level

• Easily brought to conscious
• Superego

Unconscious Level

• Hidden thoughts and desires
• Id

Question 8

The Id

Answer 8

Unconscious level

Present at birth

Home to sexual and aggressive drive

Governed by pleasure principle

Question 9

Pleasure Princple

Answer 9

Instant gratification

Question 10

The Ego

Answer 10

Preconscious and conscious level

Develops at childhood

Acts as a referee between Id and Superego

Governed by reality principle

Question 11

Reality Principle

Answer 11

Want to experience pleasure based on realistic expectations

Question 12

The Superego

Answer 12

Operates mostly at the preconscious level

Develops in childhood

Home to morality and conscience

Governed by the ego ideal

Question 13

2 techniques of psychoanalysis

Answer 13

Free Association:
Clients spontaneously express thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur

Dream Analysis:
Therapist interprets symbolic meaning of client’s dreams

Question 14

Manifest Content

Answer 14

What you actually see, symbolic of latent content.

Question 15

Latent Content

Answer 15

Impulse that manifest symbol is covering up.

Question 16

Psychoanalysis: Interpretation, Resistance, Transference

Answer 16

Interpretation: therapist attempts to explain inner significance of client’s feelings, memories, and behaviour.

Resistance: Largely defensive maneuvers intended to hinder progress of therapy. Happens if the therapist is getting to the crux of the issue.

Transference: Client starts relating to therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives.

Question 17

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 17

We are innately good

Good nature is interrupted in striving for goals

Question 18

Insight Therapies: Client Centred Therapy

Answer 18

Emphasizes providing supportive, emotional climate for client.

Client plays a huge role in pace and direction of therapy.

Rooted in humanistic perspective.

Strength based approach: foster self-acceptance and personal growth.

Question 19

Carl Rogers believed three components were needed for client centred therapy to be rendered positively useful

Answer 19

1. Genuineness: Honest communication.
2. Unconditional Positive Regard: Therapist remains supportive and non-judgemental no matter what. Does not justify behaviour but shows true empathy.
3. Empathy: Therapist tries to see issues from client’s point of view.

Question 20

Insight Therapies: Cognitive Therapy

Answer 20

Treatment that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.

Question 21

Cognitive therapy is based on the belief that depression is caused by errors in thinking that make depressed people more likely to:

Answer 21

1. blame setbacks on personal inadequacies
2. focus selectively on negative events
3. make overly pessimistic projections for future
4. draw negative conclusions about their self worth

Question 22

The main goal of cognitive therapy is to

Answer 22

1. help clients to detect automatic negative or irrational thoughts
2. use more reasonable standards of evaluation

Question 23

Allegiance effect

Answer 23

People back what they know

When it comes to comparing different types of therapies we must take findings with caution, as there is a confound wherein therapists are the experts in their specialty and will excel at that type of therapy as it is the approach they are trained in.

Question 24

Behaviour Therapy is based on two assumptions

Answer 24

1. Behaviour is the product of learning

2. What has been learned can be unlearned

Question 25

Classical Conditioning

Answer 25

Pavlovian Conditioning Unconditional stimuli evokes unconditioned response. Pair conditioned stimuli with unconditioned stimuli until you get a response to conditioned stimuli. Then you get a conditioned response, same as the unconditioned response, to the conditioned stimuli without unconditioned stimuli.

Question 26

Behaviour Therapy: Systematic Desensitization

Answer 26

Reduce anxiety responses through counter conditioning. Goal:Break down conditioning due to association.

Question 27

Systematic Desensitization Process

Answer 27

1. Therapist helps client build a fear hierarchy. 2. Client learns deep muscle relaxation. 3. Client pairs relaxation with each step of the hierarchy until anxiety to the fear stimulus is reduced.

Question 28

Operant Conditioning

Answer 28

When we respond to consequences. Instrumental conditioning: decrease behaviours we are punished for.

Question 29

Behaviour Therapy: Aversion Therapy

Answer 29

Aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response. Effective and fast.

Question 30

Biomedical Therapies

Answer 30

Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders. 2 prominent biomedical therapies are: - drug therapy - electroconvulsive therapy

Question 31

Psychopharmacotherapy

Answer 31

Drug therapy Treatment of mental disorders with medication

Question 32

Therapeutic drugs fall into four main categories:

Answer 32

1. anti anxiety drugs 2. antipsychotic drugs 3. antidepressant drugs 4. mood stabilizers

Question 33

Anti Anxiety Drugs

Answer 33

Used to relieve symptoms of fear and apprehension Inhibit firing of neurons: helps to reduce over reaction Effects are immediate Fast and noticeable effects can lead to addiction and/or overdose

Question 34

Antipsychotic Drugs

Answer 34

Used to gradually reduce psychotic/positive symptoms of schizophrenia Typically used for schizophrenia or other delusional experiences Works gradually and reduces symptoms in about 70% of people But it comes with unpleasant side effects

Question 35

Tardive Dyskinesia

Answer 35

Affects dopamine levels, if there is too little results in permanent tremors and uncontrollable spasms.

Question 36

Antidepressant Drugs

Answer 36

Used to treat depression and sometimes anxiety SSRIS: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors -prevent synapsis from reabsorbing serotonin so it remains in the system longer Side effects can include suicidal ideation wherein the person may begin fantasizing about suicide, this can predict suicide planning.

Question 37

Mood Stabilizers

Answer 37

Used to control mood swings associated with bipolar disorders. Lithium has long been used but includes dangerous side effects such as toxicity, kidney or thyroid problems, or death at high concentrations.

Question 38

Drug Therapy benefits and critiques

Answer 38

Benefits: - Drug therapies provide relief for severe disorders that cannot be helped by other therapies - Some individuals may struggle to interact with a therapist, and so drug therapies might be a better choice for these people Critiques: - Drugs only treat symptoms, if there is a cause behind a depressive or anxious state the drugs will not address that - Drugs are overprescribed - Side effects may be worse than symptoms drugs are meant to treat

Question 39

Biomedical Therapies: ECT

Answer 39

Electroconvulsive Therapy Primarily used to treat depression Patients are given a light anesthetic and muscle relaxers to prevent the spine from fracturing, an electric current is applied for a second and produces a seizure.

Question 40

Why did ECT lose popularity?

Answer 40

Reports of memory loss emerged, this was a big concern. Memory loss would have happened due to an interruption of memory storage. It is unpredictable how memory might be compromised.