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PSYC 203 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

3 main categories of therapy

A
  1. Insight therapy
  2. Behaviour therapy
  3. Biomedical therapy
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2
Q

All forms of therapy will involve _____ and _____.

A

All forms of therapy will involve therapist and client.

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3
Q

Clinical and Counselling Psychologists

A

Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and every day behavioural problems

Psychologists:

  • More likely to use behavioural methods
  • Do not have prescribing power
  • Also do psychological testing and conduct research
  • More likely to treat disorders that are a bit less serious
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4
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Physicians who specialize in treatment of psychological disorders

Focuses on more severe disorders

Emphasizes drug therapies

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5
Q

Insight Therapies

A

Involve verbal interactions intended to enhance client’s self knowledge thus promoting healthful changes in both personality and behaviour.

  1. Psychoanalysis
  2. Client centered therapy
  3. Cognitive therapy
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6
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses.

Developed by Sigmund Freud

Challenge: we don’t have access to the unconscious

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7
Q

Levels of Mental Life

A

Conscious Level

  • Normal Awareness
  • Ego

Preconscious Level

  • Easily brought to conscious
  • Superego

Unconscious Level

  • Hidden thoughts and desires
  • Id
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8
Q

The Id

A

Unconscious level

Present at birth

Home to sexual and aggressive drive

Governed by pleasure principle

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9
Q

Pleasure Princple

A

Instant gratification

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10
Q

The Ego

A

Preconscious and conscious level

Develops at childhood

Acts as a referee between Id and Superego

Governed by reality principle

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11
Q

Reality Principle

A

Want to experience pleasure based on realistic expectations

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12
Q

The Superego

A

Operates mostly at the preconscious level

Develops in childhood

Home to morality and conscience

Governed by the ego ideal

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13
Q

2 techniques of psychoanalysis

A

Free Association:
Clients spontaneously express thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur

Dream Analysis:
Therapist interprets symbolic meaning of client’s dreams

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14
Q

Manifest Content

A

What you actually see, symbolic of latent content.

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15
Q

Latent Content

A

Impulse that manifest symbol is covering up.

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16
Q

Psychoanalysis: Interpretation, Resistance, Transference

A

Interpretation: therapist attempts to explain inner significance of client’s feelings, memories, and behaviour.

Resistance: Largely defensive maneuvers intended to hinder progress of therapy. Happens if the therapist is getting to the crux of the issue.

Transference: Client starts relating to therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their lives.

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17
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

We are innately good

Good nature is interrupted in striving for goals

18
Q

Insight Therapies: Client Centred Therapy

A

Emphasizes providing supportive, emotional climate for client.

Client plays a huge role in pace and direction of therapy.

Rooted in humanistic perspective.

Strength based approach: foster self-acceptance and personal growth.

19
Q

Carl Rogers believed three components were needed for client centred therapy to be rendered positively useful

A
  1. Genuineness: Honest communication.
  2. Unconditional Positive Regard: Therapist remains supportive and non-judgemental no matter what. Does not justify behaviour but shows true empathy.
  3. Empathy: Therapist tries to see issues from client’s point of view.
20
Q

Insight Therapies: Cognitive Therapy

A

Treatment that emphasizes recognizing and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.

21
Q

Cognitive therapy is based on the belief that depression is caused by errors in thinking that make depressed people more likely to:

A
  1. blame setbacks on personal inadequacies
  2. focus selectively on negative events
  3. make overly pessimistic projections for future
  4. draw negative conclusions about their self worth
22
Q

The main goal of cognitive therapy is to

A
  1. help clients to detect automatic negative or irrational thoughts
  2. use more reasonable standards of evaluation
23
Q

Allegiance effect

A

People back what they know

When it comes to comparing different types of therapies we must take findings with caution, as there is a confound wherein therapists are the experts in their specialty and will excel at that type of therapy as it is the approach they are trained in.

24
Q

Behaviour Therapy is based on two assumptions

A
  1. Behaviour is the product of learning

2. What has been learned can be unlearned

25
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlovian Conditioning

Unconditional stimuli evokes unconditioned response.

Pair conditioned stimuli with unconditioned stimuli until you get a response to conditioned stimuli.

Then you get a conditioned response, same as the unconditioned response, to the conditioned stimuli without unconditioned stimuli.

26
Q

Behaviour Therapy: Systematic Desensitization

A

Reduce anxiety responses through counter conditioning.

Goal:Break down conditioning due to association.

27
Q

Systematic Desensitization Process

A
  1. Therapist helps client build a fear hierarchy.
  2. Client learns deep muscle relaxation.
  3. Client pairs relaxation with each step of the hierarchy until anxiety to the fear stimulus is reduced.
28
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

When we respond to consequences.

Instrumental conditioning: decrease behaviours we are punished for.

29
Q

Behaviour Therapy: Aversion Therapy

A

Aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response.

Effective and fast.

30
Q

Biomedical Therapies

A

Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders.

2 prominent biomedical therapies are:

  • drug therapy
  • electroconvulsive therapy
31
Q

Psychopharmacotherapy

A

Drug therapy

Treatment of mental disorders with medication

32
Q

Therapeutic drugs fall into four main categories:

A
  1. anti anxiety drugs
  2. antipsychotic drugs
  3. antidepressant drugs
  4. mood stabilizers
33
Q

Anti Anxiety Drugs

A

Used to relieve symptoms of fear and apprehension

Inhibit firing of neurons: helps to reduce over reaction

Effects are immediate

Fast and noticeable effects can lead to addiction and/or overdose

34
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Used to gradually reduce psychotic/positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Typically used for schizophrenia or other delusional experiences

Works gradually and reduces symptoms in about 70% of people

But it comes with unpleasant side effects

35
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Affects dopamine levels, if there is too little results in permanent tremors and uncontrollable spasms.

36
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A

Used to treat depression and sometimes anxiety

SSRIS: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors
-prevent synapsis from reabsorbing serotonin so it remains in the system longer

Side effects can include suicidal ideation wherein the person may begin fantasizing about suicide, this can predict suicide planning.

37
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

Used to control mood swings associated with bipolar disorders.

Lithium has long been used but includes dangerous side effects such as toxicity, kidney or thyroid problems, or death at high concentrations.

38
Q

Drug Therapy benefits and critiques

A

Benefits:

  • Drug therapies provide relief for severe disorders that cannot be helped by other therapies
  • Some individuals may struggle to interact with a therapist, and so drug therapies might be a better choice for these people

Critiques:

  • Drugs only treat symptoms, if there is a cause behind a depressive or anxious state the drugs will not address that
  • Drugs are overprescribed
  • Side effects may be worse than symptoms drugs are meant to treat
39
Q

Biomedical Therapies: ECT

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Primarily used to treat depression

Patients are given a light anesthetic and muscle relaxers to prevent the spine from fracturing, an electric current is applied for a second and produces a seizure.

40
Q

Why did ECT lose popularity?

A

Reports of memory loss emerged, this was a big concern.

Memory loss would have happened due to an interruption of memory storage. It is unpredictable how memory might be compromised.

PSYC 203 (9 decks)

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