Week 10 Flashcards
How do we form impressions of others?
We take into account:
- Appearance
- Verbal and non verbal behaviour
- Actions
- Situations
through controlled or automatic processes
A study found that non verbal cues were taken into account more than verbal cues. What might be a critique of the study?
It did not accurately mimic what a conversation is like. A conversation tends to be richer.
Kelley’s Covariation Model of Attribution says people take into account three factors when attributing a behaviour to someone:
- Consensus: How others behave in the same situation
- Consistency: How frequently a person behaves in the same situation
- Distinctiveness: Whether a person behaves the same way in other situations
Consistency has to be _____ or you cannot make an interpretation.
Consistency has to be high or you cannot make an interpretation.
Low Consensus; High Consistency; Low Distinctiveness means
Internal Attribution
High Consensus; High Consistency; High Distinctiveness means
External Attribution
Making decisions through automatic processing is driven by
schemas. These are mental boxes or representations that aid us in categorizing events, influence our interpretation of events, and aid in the predictability of events.
Through schemas we may sacrifice accuracy for efficiency. This can result in stigma which can give us problematic stereotypes.
Schemas are memory guides that help us fill in the blanks and facilitate our memory for information we encounter.
Confirmation Bias
When we have an expectation and seek out ways to confirm our expectations
Problem is in the use of biased questions and using examples that confirm evidence. By asking diagnostic questions we can critically questions the hypothesis.
Cognitive Distortions
Errors in person’s perception
Occur asa consequence of automatic processing
More likely to occur when we are in a hurry, distracted, or not motivated to seek out additional information.
Fundamental Attribution Error
We are more likely to assume that a person’s actions correspond to their disposition rather than their situation.
More prevalent in individualistic cultures
Belief in a Just World: concept
A belief in karma
Can result in victim blaming
Self protective: helps us to feel safe. “I am a good person so bad things will not happen to me”
Belief in a Just World: 2 studies
- Woman on a game show, in one show she gives wrong answers and nothing happens, in another she gives wrong answers and gets shocked. Viewers respond to episode with shocks with lower ratings
- Participants given story about a relationship. One group gets a story that ends with a proposal. The other group gets a story that ends with a sexual assault. The group with the sexual assault story finds the woman more responsible for the situation.
`Stereotypes
A belief about a particular group
Widely held belief that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a certain group.
Stereotypes guide attention: we distort information in ways that confirm our expectations
Stereotypes guid memory: We tend to remember events in ways that confirm our expectations
Stereotypes guide Interpretation: Ambiguous actions will be interpreted in ways that confirm our expectations
Stereotypes study given
Participants were shown objects and black and white faces. Participants were shown to assume objects were weapons when shown a black face and tools when shown a white face.
Prejudice
An emotion around a particular group
A negative evaluation of a group, typically based on unfavourable stereotypes around that group.
