Week 9

Question 1

examples of within subject designs

Answer 1

• pre-post designs: scores on a variable are measured before and after participants take part
• experiments: where participants respond to 2+ types of stimuli
• longitudinal designs: where participants complete the same measures at different times

Question 2

Paired t-test

Answer 2

interval/ratio scale
difference scores are normally distributed
compares observed average differences with what you would expect under the null hypothesis

Question 3

Wilcoxon test

Answer 3

differences smallest to largest
sum of positives compared to sum of negatives
results compared to what would be expected under the null hypothesis

Question 4

statistically significant data

Answer 4

reject the null hypothesis
there is a difference

Question 5

familywise error

Answer 5

often there’s lots of comparisons that could be made
additional comparisons increase the risk of type 1 errors
failing to account for familywise error significantly increases type 1 errors

Question 6

formula for familywise error

Answer 6

1 - ( 1 - alpha level) ^number of comparisons

Question 7

bonferroroni correction

Answer 7

involves dividing the alpha level by the number of comparisons that will be conducted

Question 8

pre-register

Answer 8

the focal hypothesis tests
additional comparisons should be exploratory not confirmatory

Question 9

in exploratory analyses

Answer 9

alpha levels can be adjusted

Question 10

demand characteristics

Answer 10

experimental artefacts where participants form interpretations of the purpose of the study and subconsciously change their behaviour to fit their interpretation

Question 11

what are demand characteristics?

Answer 11

participants may do what they think the experimenter wants
OR
they may deliberately do the opposite of what they think the experimenter wants
OR
may overthink their actions causes anxiety

Question 12

example of demand characteristics

Answer 12

Milgrams obedience study
many believe that participants went fully to 450 volts as they were aware the shocks they were given were fake

Question 13

consider the research design

Answer 13

between - subject design
cover story
add ‘dummy’ measures

Question 14

at the end of experiment, ask questions

Answer 14

guess the aim?
what condition were you in?
post-study amnesty

Question 15

double blind

Answer 15

neither the participant or the experimenter know which condition is which
so the experimenter doesn’t give cues to influence behaviour
often used in drug trials

Question 16

Hawthorne effect

Answer 16

participants behaviour is affected simply by the knowledge that they are being observed