Week 10

Question 1

correlation studies

Answer 1

no manipulation
no independent or dependent variables
measuring to see if 2 or more variables are related

Question 2

scatterplots

Answer 2

help us determine if relationships are linear
if related we can draw a line through the points

Question 3

curve lines

Answer 3

a nonlinear relationship
such a a inverted U relationship
e..g the relationship between arousal and memory

Question 4

positive relationship

Answer 4

both variables increase

Question 5

negative relationships

Answer 5

one variable increases, other variable decreases

Question 6

correlation coefficient

Answer 6

shows strength and direction of relationships
range from +1 to -1
+/- is the direction
1 is the strength

Question 7

closer to 0

Answer 7

weaker correlation
what counts as a strong correlation is context dependent

Question 8

Pearsons r and Spearman’s rho

Answer 8

both make the assumption that the relationship is linear

Question 9

Pearsons r

Answer 9

data is interval/ratio

Question 10

Spearman’s rho

Answer 10

data is ordinal

Question 11

Pearsons r is

Answer 11

how far from the mean each participant falls
quantifies how far participants deviate from the mean on one variable predicts deviation from mean on other variables

Question 12

Spearman’s rho is

Answer 12

ranks participants independently on each variable
quantifies the extent to which rank one predicts the rank on other variables

Question 13

postive coefficient

Answer 13

postive relationship

Question 14

negative coefficient

Answer 14

negative relationship

Question 15

correlation coefficient is

Answer 15

a descriptive statistic

Question 16

null hypothesis

Answer 16

no correlation
p value quantifies how much our observed sample correction differs from what we’d expect if the null was true

Question 17

alternate hypothesis

Answer 17

can be one tailed or two tailed

Question 18

what shouldn’t we do?

Answer 18

draw casual conclusions

Question 19

what should we do?

Answer 19

consider how many correlations have been conducted
large datasets which lots of positive correlations produce spurious correlations

Question 20

spurious correlations

Answer 20

not meaningful and don’t reflect a true relationship

Question 21

random error

Answer 21

caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the experiment
doesn’t effect the mean but changes the range of scores around the mean

Question 22

systematic error

Answer 22

reproducible and consistent in the same direction
effects the mean

Question 23

to reduce the error

Answer 23

repeat measurements
apply correction factors
pilot study
training the experimenter
training the participants
triangulation

Question 24

triangulation

Answer 24

suing more than one measure of a particular behaviour
a group of measurement tools won’t have the same error

Question 25

validity

Answer 25

how accurate is our research measuring the desired behaviour

Question 26

internal validity

Answer 26

effects observed are due to independent variable not other factors

Question 27

ecological validity

Answer 27

external
results can be generalised to other settings

Question 28

population validity

Answer 28

external
results can be generalised to other people

Question 29

predictive validity

Answer 29

external
whether our measure predicts other related behaviours

Question 30

construct validity

Answer 30

external
are we measuring what we think we are measuring

Question 31

face validity

Answer 31

on ‘face value’ it seems the measure is appropriate

Question 32

reliability

Answer 32

consistency of our measure or results

Question 33

internal reliability

Answer 33

applies only to questionnaires
do items thats purpose is to measure the same thing have consistent responses

Question 34

external reliability

Answer 34

extent a measure varies from one use to another

Question 35

test retest

Answer 35

same person fills out the same results it should be the same

Question 36

random error in a questionnaire

Answer 36

natural small variations over time

Question 37

systematic error in a questionnaire

Answer 37

social desirable responding