Week 3 Flashcards
probability theory
tells is how often different events will happen
research hypothesis
general statements about the world that we believe to be true
developed from theories and observations
provide a starting point for research
alternative hypothesis
a formal statement that the effect we are looking for in a population does exist
null hypothesis
a formal statement that the effect we are looking for in a population doesn’t exist
p-value
the probability of observing data at least as extreme as ours if the null hypothesis was true
alpha level
0.05
rejection region
If data falls in this region, we reject the null hypothesis
Statistically significant data
P. Value is smaller than alpha level and no hypothesis can be rejected if not it is accepted.
type 1 error
false positive, rejecting null hypothesis when its actually true
type 2 error
false negative, accepting null hypothesis when its actually false
what dies the alpha level control?
type 1 error rate
alpha level of 0.05
5% of the time we will mistakenly reject it
guidelines for IMR
- respect for autonomy and dignity of people
- scientific value
- social responsibility
- maximise benefit and minimise harm
respect for autonomy and dignity of people
public or provar data
confidentiality
valid consent
withdrawal
debriefing
scientific value
levels of control
e.g time of day, background, language barriers and age
social responsibility
distribution of social structures
Hewson et al
+ gathers large volumes of data quickly and cheaply
+ access to groups not easily accomplished in traditional methods
+ reduces social desirability
- unrepresentative
- ethical minefield
- lack of control
wider social implications
imposed etic
most research is carried out in western white cultures, we can’t assume that what is normal in these cultures is normal cross-culturally
historical evidence of imposed etic
virginia eugenics programme
to find out IQ
based on whit meal middle class males
assumed what was typical of them was typical for all
lead to stigma
what to consider when using SSR?
who is at risk? in what way?
what are the potential benefits?
is the research justified?
cost benefit analysis
weigh up the benefits against the cost
Rests 4 component model of ethical practise
- ethical sensitivity
- ethical reasoning
- ethical motivation
ethical sensitivity
interpreting the situations and identifying the prence of an ethical issue
ethical reasoning
formulating the morally ideal course of action by identifying the relevant ethical issues and using these principles to consider appropriate actions
ethical motivation
deciding what one actually wishes and intends to to
Milgram ethical issues
participants were deceived
participants weren’t able to withdraw - due to the hierarchy and prompts
participants suffered psychological damage, left feeling horrified of what they were capable of - protection from harm
participants were offered money making it harder to withdraw
participants were debriefed and followed up a year after
anonymity - a film was made
Zimbardo ethical issues
participants suffered from harm - psychological harm - one participant felt they were loosing their true identity
participants that wanted to leave were offered to work as someone who offers zimbardos information
for the realistic nature of the prison any thought they couldn’t leave
zimbardo himself acted as the superintendent make it hard for him to notice the psychological harm being caused
partial replication by BBC found different results, therefore offers no validity to the real world today
