Week 9 Flashcards
What is a friendship?
What are 5 characteristics of friendships?
- close bonds that are similar to familial relationships
What are three key pieces of evidence that support why we form bonds?
- Bonds are resistant to breaking because humans try to maintain group connections
- To avoid ostracism
What is the minimal group paradigm?
Bonds form readily and easily between strangers in an in-group
What is the opposite of belonging?
Ostracism - form of perceived social rejection
What are the implicit rules of friendships?
Assume to have an agreement on
It is a ‘code of conduct’ that is assumed to be in place and should not be broken
What are the different methods used in clinical psychology?
- Surveys
- Experiments - comparing the results of an experiment prior to and following treatment to determine its success
- Clinical Trials - using small to large groups to test a biomedical product or method
- Meta-analyses - summarising vast bodies of research to determine key findings or trends
- Co-design - working with consumers and partners to develop and solve research questions
What are three factors that influence our motivation to belong?
- Minimal Group Paradigm - Bonds form readily and easily between strangers in an in-group
- Bonds - bonds are resistant to breaking because humans try to strengthen group connections
- Ostracism - people want to avoid social rejection which is painful
What is mental health?
State of emotional and social wellbeing
What are mental health problems?
Emotional and behavioural abnormalities which impair functioning
What are mental disorders?
Clinically recognisable symptoms that cause functional impairment, distress and often require treatment
What are some early historical perspectives on mental health?
Demonology - possession of evil spirits or punishment by God caused mental health issues and needed to be treated with exorcism
Hippocrates - believed that the balance of blood, phlegm, bile, and black bile (ie four humours) was required for mental health
Yin and Yang - believed that the balance between these two forces need to be restored for good mental health
What are some later historical perspectives on mental health?
Renaissance Period (14th-17th century) - scientific questioning re-emerged and replaced demonology and superstition
- treatment consisted of asylums
Philippe Pinel (France 1970s) - patients with mental illness need to be treated with kindness
William Tuke (England 1790’s) - treatment of rest, religion was required to restore balance
What is the prevalence of mental disorders, anxiety, mood, and substance disorders?
Over lifetimes in Australia, the prevalence of disorders is 45%
- 26% for anxiety
- 24% for substance
- 15% for mood
What is the prevalence of mental disorders, anxiety, mood, and substance disorders?
Over lifetimes in Australia, the prevalence of disorders is 45%
- 26% for anxiety
- 24% for substance
- 15% for mood
What are the modern perspectives in mental health?
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- Certain combinations of genes (polygenic) can create genetic predisposition/vulnerabilities
- However, a stress is required to cause psychopathology BUT NOT MAINTAIN (diathesis-stress model)
- neurotransmitter imbalance can lead to psychopathology
- Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity
- Fast-acting neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA)
What are the slow-acting neurotransmitters?
Slow-acting: takes a few milliseconds to a minute or so to manifest
Neropinephrine - play a role in emergency reactions and too much can lead to anxiety
Dopamine - plays a role in pleasure, cognitive processing and addiction and too much can lead to poor impulse control
Serotonin - responsible for thinking and processign information and too little can lead to anxiety and depression
What are the fast-acting neurotransmitters?
Glutamate (Excitatory neurotransmitters) - High levels can lead to schizophrenia because when it is released into a synapse it promotes things to happen
GABA (Inhibitory neurotransmitters) - Low levels of GABA lead to high levels of anxiety because when it is released into a synapse it stops things from happening
What is the Cognitive-Behavioural perspective?
Involves Self efficacy, Cognitive distortions, and Attentional bias
What is DSM?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
“Emphasises the cultural and social forces rather than inner instincts as determinants of behaviour”. What new psychodynamic theory is this statement characteristic of?
Interpersonal Perspective
____ _____: emphasises that interactions with real and imagined other people could give rise to inner conflicts
Object Relations Theory
Behavioural perspective arose as a reaction against the unscientific methods of __________________
Psychoanalysis
Which perspective is classical, operant conditioning central to?
Behavioural Perspective
What is the definition of psychopathology?
A) A state of emotional and social wellbeing
B) Patterns of thought, feeling, or behaviour that changes functioning
C) An imbalance of behavioural abnormalities
D) Genetic vulnerabilities that change behaviour
B
Gaba and glutamate are fast acting neurotransmitters true or false?
true
What was the treatment for mental illness in the Renaissance Period?
A) Balance the four humours
B) Asylums
C) York Retreat
D) Exposure Therapy
Asylums
What 5 neurotransmitters are thought to affect psychopathology when imbalanced?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Glutamate
Gaba
Neuropinephrine
What did Philippe Pinel and William Tuke have in common?
They believed ill patients should be treated with kindness
What are the 5 influences for psychopathology?
Developmental
Biological
Emotional and cognitive
Behavioural
Social and Interpersonal
