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PSYU1101 > Neuropsychology > Flashcards

Neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Higher-level executive functions (eg organising, planning, discipline, initiating)
Voluntary movement
Expressive language

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2
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Helps you understand yourself in relation to the world around you
Processes your sense of touch
Assembles input from your other senses

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3
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual perception
Including colour
Form and motion

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4
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Processing language
Processing auditory information
Processing emotion

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5
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest region of the brain comprising 85% of the brain’s matter. It controls and integrates motor, sensory, and higher mental functions such as thought, reason, emotion and memory.

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6
Q

Name and describe the directional terms:
1. Superior/Inferior
2. Rostral/Caudal
3. Dorsal/Ventral
4. Posterior/Anterior
5. Medial/Lateral

A
  1. Superior is toward the head/Inferior is toward the feet
  2. Rostral is toward the head/Caudal is toward the tail
  3. Dorsal is the back of the body/Ventral is the front of the body
  4. Posterior is the back/Anterior is the front
  5. Medial is the middle/Lateral is the outer
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7
Q

REGION OF THE BRAIN
What does the Broca’s Area do?

A

Converts thoughts of words into muscle movements that produce speech or writing

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8
Q

REGION OF THE BRAIN
What does the Wernicke’s Area do?

A

Spoken and read words are turned into ideas + this is where words are chosen to convey ideas

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9
Q

What is the breakdown of the Nervous System?

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- spinal cord
- brain

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- somatic
- automatic
a) sympathetic
b) parasympathetic

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10
Q

How does the somatic nervous system work?

A
  1. Sensory input is received via the skin
  2. Information travels through the dorsal roots
  3. Information is processed
  4. Motor output is delivered through ventral roots
  5. Muscles or motor output - produce a response

NO BRAIN INPUT

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11
Q

List the different nerve groups in the Peripheral Nervous System from top to bottom

A

Cranial (12 pairs)

Cervical (8 pairs)

Thoracic (12 pairs)

Lumbar (5 pairs)

Sacral (5 pairs)

Coccygeal (1 pair)

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12
Q

How does the brain receive and process sensations?

A
  1. Brain receives sensory information at the somatosensory cortex (in the Parietal Lobe toward back half of brain)
  2. Brain processes the information
  3. Produces behaviour through modifying the motor output from the primary motor cortex
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13
Q

The ___ Nervous System is involuntary

A

Autonomic

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14
Q

The ___ Nervous System is voluntary

A

Somatic

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15
Q

Which nervous system is made up of nerves and ganglia?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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16
Q

What are resting and action potentials?

A
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17
Q

What are the types and structures of neurons?

A
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18
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A
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19
Q

What are neurons?

A

Electrically excitable cells that transmit (pass on) electrochemical signals

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20
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory neurons - conveying external information from the body’s sense receptors, back to the brain
  2. Motor neurons - conveys information from the CNS to the muscles and organs in the body
  3. Interneurons (relay neurons) - convey information between neurons in CNS
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21
Q

What are the two sides of a neuron transmission?

A

pre-synaptic neuron: the neuron sending the message through the axon

post-synaptic neuron: the neuron collecting the message through the dendrites

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22
Q

What is the soma?

A

The cell body of a neuron

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23
Q

When does Action Potential occur?

A

When the inside of the neuron raches -50mV (ie critical threshold)

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24
Q

Depolarisation is when _____

A

the inside of the neuron becomes more positive after action potential (ie when the Na+ ions flood through the Na+ channels)

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25
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

Too much repolarisation when the K+ gates open

26
Q

What is the area between two neurons?

A

synaptic cleft

27
Q

What is the charge of action potential?

A

+40mV

28
Q

What is the difference between agonists or antagonists?

A

Agonists - mimic or enhance function of a neurotransmitter (eg binding correctly to receptor sites, preventing re-uptake)

Antagonists - blocks or inhibits the function of a neurotransmitter

29
Q

What is faster, the nervous system or hormone system?

A

The nervous system

hormones get released through the blood which is slower
nervous systems are more targeted with electrical systems

30
Q

The ____ lobe of the pituitary gland contains neurosecretory cells to release hormones whereas the ____ lobe has direct chemical release from neurons that go into the bloodstream

a) Anterior; posterior
b) Posterior; anterior
c) Rostral; Caudal
d) Caudal; Rostral

A

a) Anterior; posterior

31
Q

Capillaries in the body are quite ____ whilst the BBB means that blood vessels in the brain are protected by a cell wall tight junction, which means only certain things can cross the BBB

a) Leaky
b) Strong
c) Impenetrable
d) Wide

A

a) Leaky

32
Q

Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure are?

a) Large tracts which connect the hemispheres of the brain to allow them to communicate with one another
b) Located in the spinal cord
c) What was damaged in Phineas Gage’s brain
d) What was damaged in Henry Molaison’s brain

A

a) Large tracts which connect the hemispheres of the brain to allow them to communicate with one another

33
Q

White matter in the brain is composed of axons/myelinated axons. The ____ creates an insulating layer around axons causing the whitish appearance. The ___ matter is the inner layer of the brain, whilst the ____ matter is the outer layer of the brain containing the cell bodies (soma) and ____.

Order these:
A) grey
B) myelin
C) dendrites
D) white

A

BDAC

34
Q

Describe the famous Henry Molaison

A

Henry Molaison was an experiment subject who suffered from epilepsy. Hippocampus was removed to treat this and want happened was:
-retrograde amnesia
-anterograde amnesia –> loss of information that was acquired inability to form new memories (ie memory impairment)

Hippocampus is linked to memory function

35
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage?

A

Broca’s area
Damage to the frontal lobe - caused a personality change

36
Q

What are glial cells?

A

As synapses are transmitting stuff
Glial cells are the cleaning cells that clean up the mess during the neurotransmission process.

37
Q

What are Meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater?

A

Protect the spinal cord

Pia mater-

Arachnoid mater -

Dura mater -

38
Q

What are the Sensory and Motor Homunculus?

A

About cortical devotion to different parts of the brain

Sensory Homunculus - about which parts of the body have the most sensory function –> more cortical areas for the hands but less for the back

Motor Homunculus - about which body parts have the greatest fine motor skills

39
Q

What are the sulci and gyri?

A

Sucli - dips or divisions between the gyri (sulking is a dip in mood)

Gyri - fat ridges

40
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Two parts on opposite sides of a brain

41
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

Two parts of the brain on the same side

42
Q

What are the two key differences between the peripheral nervous system and hormones?

A

TWO FACTORS
Speed and range of effect

PNS - faster and more targeted range of effect (less range of effect)
Hormones - slower and greater range of effect

43
Q

How is the brain protected?

A
  1. It is highly vascularised with lots of veins and arteries to deliver fresh oxygen and nutrients to the brain cells
  2. The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
  3. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  4. Meninges
  5. Glial Cells
44
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

It is fluid comprised of water and salts that protect the brain

45
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

The BBB is a capillary barrier made of tightly-packed cells that allows small, uncharged molecules and lipophilic (fat-loving) substances to move through but not large, charged particles. Large, charged substances need to be actively transported.

The BBB is leaky because of the spaces between the tightly packed cells.

46
Q

What are meninges?

A

Strong layers of tissue that help to protect the spinal cord and keep everything in place

47
Q

What is the order of meninges protecting the spinal column and brain from outside to inside?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, sub-arachnoid mater (where CSF flows)

48
Q

How many ventricles are there?

A

Four lateral, third, fourth, cerebral aqueduct

49
Q

What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A

The corpus callosum

50
Q

What is the anterior commisure?

A

A large bundle of crossing fibers which connects the olfactory bulb and parts of the cerebrum to the same areas on the opposite side.

51
Q

What is the name of a set of axons in the periphery vs the CNS?

A

Nerve in the Periphery and a Tract in the CNS

52
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

It is involved in short-term memory formation, retrieval, consolidation and spatial memory

53
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A
  1. Responsible for the perception of anger, fear, and sadness, and controlling of aggression
  2. Helps to store memories of events and emotions so that we can recognise them when similar events occur in future
54
Q

What is basal ganglia in charge of?

A

Motor learning and control.

55
Q

What does the mid-brain do?

A

It contains cells that make essential monoamines (brain chemicals that are essential for motivated behaviour and movement eg dopamine, serotonin)

56
Q

Where do the superior, inferior colliculi, and pineal gland exist and what do they do?

A

The colliculi sit dorsally to the midbrain (ie on top and behind)
Superior colliculi: In charge of visual reflexes such as eye movement, gaze, reactive reflexes like turning the head
Inferior colliculi: hearing and reacting to auditory input with non-auditory responses
Pineal gland: regulate our circadian rhythm (ire regulation of our sleep-wake cycle) through managed secretion of melatonin

57
Q

What does the hindbrain do?

A

Contains cells important for homeostasis of blood pressure, heart rate and breathing

58
Q

What are the two key components of the hindbrain?

A

Pons and Medulla oblongata

59
Q

What does the cerebellum do (mini second brain)?

A

Receives sensory information from the cortex, and helps with refining coordination and motor movements –> smooth movement and coordination
Also helps with procedural movements eg washing hair or making my bed or putting on clothes

60
Q

Why is Henry Molaison an important figure?

A

He taught us about how the hippocampus functions.
He got his hippocampus removed to stop his epilepsy but this caused:
- massive anterograde amnesia (ie cant create new memories after the onset of amnesia) –> he could learn new skills and not remember learning them

PSYU1101 (15 decks)

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